Massey Research, 2005 (2025)

OCR

In fact, as Brian Cathcart tells[...]he atom, firing alpha particles into nitrogen
gas and knocking protons from their nucleii. The first to split
atoms, according to Cathcart, were Ernest Walton and John
Cockcroft in 1932.

Yet in a significant way Walton and Cockcroft’s achievement was also Rutherford’s[...]as made.

Rutherford was no paragon. He was messy and sometimes clumsy. He was prone to
sudden and capricious bouts of rage. He sulked. But he was also kind and generous and full of
laughter. He cared about the lives and careers of staff and students. And he was, in Cathcart’s
words, “a perfectly tun[...]found
it. When the funding was needed for Walton and Cockcroft’s experimental apparatus (this in
an[...]d for a piece of metal piping was given
a hacksaw and told to find a bicycle), funding was forthcoming.[...]immediately of Professors David Penny, Mike Hendy and Geoff Jameson. I
think of Dr Emily Parker.

A lit[...]ssors Paul Moughan,
Harjinder Singh, Nanthi Bolan and Robert McLachlan — each surrounded by a community of
talent.

And there are many others in the creative arts, sciences, humanities, social sciences,
education and business — enough to fill the pages of Massey R[...]them the
essence of their work is collaborative, and universally they strive to make often intrinsical[...]c.nz

For media enquiries contact:
Communications and Marketing
Tel +64 6 356 5562

Fax +64 6 35[...]

So with that projected $60 million and
with a pool of talented postgraduate students
and researchers, I ought to take a sanguine
view of M[...]of funding by
the Foundation for Research Science and
‘Technology are likely to become less so. I
hop[...]ture that produces the

graduates whose skills and knowledge power
our economy.
Perhaps the stronges[...]asse

s graduates make lies

in the land-based and associated industries

— by which I mean not on[...]as food processing, biotechnology,
product design and industrial processing.
New Zealand has natural co[...]d a reputation for intelligent farming
practices, and increasingly the income we earn
comes not from ra[...]uch well-established
sheep breeds as the Drysdale and Perendale
were first bred. It is Massey-educated[...]gate to the plate.
Have you seen the protein bars and body
building supplements now on the shelves? In[...]he cost-effective extraction of
protein from whey and helped establish a

Pa ae UT

Forewords

marke[...]the nutritionally tailored foods of the future
—and which currently has around 40 research
contracts[...]wo Partnerships for Excellence.

The Agricultural and Life Sciences
Partnership will be established by Massey
and Lincoln Universities, with the private
sector partners including Meat and Wool
New Zealand, Dairy Insight, Fonterra, the
New Zealand Fruitgrowers Federation and
the Agricultural and Marketing Research
and Development Trust (AgMardt).' Towards
a Future-Fo[...]Equine
Industry Partnership will employ education
and research to help the equine industry
achieve its[...]ential. Among
the partners are Bomac Laboratories and
Matamata Veterinary Services.

Both partnerships[...]. I look
forward to Massey building new alliances
and building on its past achievements in
agriculture, the life sciences and New
Zealand’s equine industry.

Nigel Lo[...]

Massey recognises excellence and promise.

FUNDING

Marsden and Fast Start funding recipients and funding from the Health Research
Council and the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology.

FINDINGS
New Zealanders happy at home; young people and the perils of alcohol; more moa
species; school d[...]otects itself from the harmful effects of oxygen, and even the origins of
life itself.

THE PLAYER
Professor Charles Corrado specialises in statistics and investments with a particular
interest in options and futures, and he doesn’t restrict his interest to work time o[...]ch.

A CASUAL CONVERSATION OF THIRTY YEARS
Author and teacher Bernard Beckett talks to Professors Mike Hendy and David Penny
of the Allan Wilson Centre, wh[...]

An ageing population means more and more cases of osteoporosis. What can you do to
av[...]eham is fascinated by the intertwining of history and religion.

CHANNELLING BARTOK

Professor Donald M[...]omplete at the time of the composer’s death — and helped bring an arguably
more authentic version t[...]dairy industry.

STRIKING A BALANCE

Bioethicist and animal physiologist Professor David Mellor.

GOOD[...]Casswell, who heads SHORE, the Centre for Social and Health
Outcomes Research and Evaluation, is best known for her work on alcohol and drug
use.

TREADING WITH RESPECT
Helen Moewaka Ba[...]TIONS
A selection of recent books by Massey staff and postgraduates.

FELLOWSHIPS & AWARDS
Massey Postdoctoral Fellowships, Research Fellows, Women’s Awards and Maori Awards,
plus the Government-funded T[...]

‘The Dean of Graduate Research is the Chair of the Doctoral
Research Committee, and the of Scholarships Committee, and
has an advocacy role for graduate research within[...]wake research, the ‘handedness’ of molecules, and the Barték
Viola Concerto.

The Performance Base[...]ains:

* applied biological sciences
* veterinary and large-animal science :
* accounting and finance

Building a research infrastructure

The[...]earchers
with an environment in which scholarship and creativity can
flourish. This includes profession[...]s,
generous leave provisions, a system of rewards and recognition,
opportunitics for promotion and, at the postgraduate level, a
range of scholarships. [t also includes investing in the equipment
and infrastructure that make advanced scientific rese[...]ng attracted by medical research — an
expensive and well-funded activity — skews the totals for res[...]ever, Massey can be seen to attract more research and
contract income from external sources than any ot[...]2000 2001 2002 © 2003~=—«2004
Total research and contract income awarded

* communications, and journalism and media studies

* design

* management, human resources and industrial relations
* Maori knowledge and development

* social sciences, social policy and social work

* visual arts and crafts.

‘The University also hosts a span of h[...]nursing, rehabilitation therapies, public health, and
burgeoning new areas such as sport and exercise science.

The University’s strength in research — alongside strength in
teaching and its international reputation — is one of[...]

The agreement will be a positive fa[...]mportant aspect of the agreement will link Peking and
Massey in co-operative activities with Xin Jiang[...]velopment in the western provinces, in particular
and horticulture as well as education more

in agr[...]Professor Kinnear

to Peking University last year and the return visit of four

The ney

professors[...]Peking University is the top university in China and the
most sought after for academic agreements wit[...]sor Zhenfeng Xi, Dean of the
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and delegation leader
Professor Xing Zhu.

FE,

health and illness of populations.

Chronicle

Extra heft fo[...]or Jameson.

ac! a OY

PhD student Jo Claridge and chemist Dr Pat Edwards with the new
Bruker CryoPr[...]Scheyvens from the School of People, Environment and
Planning, and Associate Professor in Veterinary Anatomy[...]

The Agricultural and Life Sciences Partnership will integrate
the research and education capabilities of Massey and Lincoln
with the requirements of industry.

Its focus is “to ensure that the on-farm and near-farm sectors

of the agricultural and biological industries continue to be led
and managed by outstanding individuals who are consistently
upgrading their skills and capability, are sustained by a steady

influx of New Zealand’s best and brightest minds, and are
supported and informed by leading-edge research”.

Massey Vic[...]tunity for academe to collaborate

with a diverse and important industry. “Not only will it better[...]lso be a powerful catalyst for further engagement and

investment,” she said.

Her counterpart, Vi[...]ln University
Professor Roger Field, said Lincoln and Massey had sought

opportunities to work more clo[...]some time. “This

partnership will enable real and meaningful collaboration to

Wool New Zealand,[...]onterra, the New Zealand
Fruitgrowers Federation, and the Agricultural and Marketing
Research and Development Trust (AgMardt).

The equine indus[...]on research partnership between Massey
University and the New Zealand equine industry will educate
more people in equine science, technology and business.

“To date,’ Prime Minister Helen Cl[...]try
Partnership aims to change that via education and research to
help the equine industry achieve its[...]mendous value they place on an
educated workforce and good-quality research to keep ahead of
the intern[...]he University’s Institute of Veterinary, Animal and
Biomedical Sciences.“ We want to facilitate a s[...]in-depth knowledge of equine science,
technology and business entering the New Zealand equine
industry to manage and grow equine enterprises. Another
is to increase knowledge of equine husbandry and training
to improve the skill and ability of persons to raise and train
winners. The partnership also aims to reduc[...]ege,
London; the University of California, Davis; and Utrecht
University. The researchers will also wor[...]boratories to develop more equine pharmaceuticals and
nutraceuticals.

A robotic human jaw is being developed and built on Massey's
Auckland campus.

The jaw is be[...]land by a team led by Massey’s Dr
John Bronlund and Associate Professor Peter Xu of the Institute
of Engineering and Technology. The jaw will be used to supply
information about the mechanics of the jaw muscles and the forces
used in chewing and biting.

Professor Jules Keiser at the University[...]stry has contributed data on the shape of the jaw and teeth.
This information will be combined with res[...]Diegel, a lecturer in the Institute of Technology and
Engineering at the Auckland campus, has a success[...]uracy of recordings taken by
professional devices and recordings
taken by home devices were a
major fac[...]isting wrist monitors look
very much like a watch and have Velcro fastenings. Both of these
qualities l[...]itor
is always on the wrist with the same tension and in the same
position.

A tilt sensor and LED indicators tell the user their arm is in the[...]ctions of humans has applications across medicine
and food technology. Dental researchers can use the jaw to study
how dental implants respond to different foods and to test how
impaired dentition affects chewing ef[...]udent Jozsef-Sebastian Pap has designed
the robot and the six actuators which drive the bottom jaw
(the[...]evelopment in a Massey
laboratory will give women and couples further control over
pregnancy planning.[...]s (excreted components) of the
hormones oestrogen and progesterone. This, scientists believe,
will enab[...]pared with methods
now used to pinpoint ovulation and optimum periods of fertility.

Massey graduate Dr[...]involved in laboratory-
based fertility testing, and will also reduce the cost of this type
of testing[...]le to
monitor whole cycles on a day-by-day basis, and I also think
it is appealing to the women[...]

In a procedure developed and fine-tuned by Dr John Holland and postgraduate students

in the University’s N[...]transmitter with two aerials. Attached painlessly and safely between
scales on the crocodile’s neck,[...]bi-polar
satellite, allowing data of its location and movements to be collected regularly over the
cour[...]of the interaction between the
crocodiles, humans and livestock.

Since the species was granted protect[...]0, bringing many more interactions between people and
crocodiles.

Dr Holland says Ms Thomaas’s succe[...]extraordinary. “You give her a couple of
words and she comes back with gold, a real adventurer and an up-and-coming croc-ologist.

“This research is importa[...]is information
managers will know where they are, and where they move around, both to protect people
and also to ensure they have areas reserved for them.[...]Resource Management group haye used transmitters
and GIS technology in similar projects with the New Zealand falcon and with elephants in
Africa.

Ms Thomas has designed[...]public to watch Sputnik’s movements
themselves, and has received positive feedback from international[...]www.croctrack.org.nz to see Sputnik’s movements and to read more

information about the project.[...]rovide a comprehensive
picture of the athleticism and fitness of
racehorses.

Through two seasons of racing
and training, two- and three-year-
old horses carried GPS units in their
saddlebags and the jockeys’ helmets
were fitted with receiver[...]of heart-rate data with the
measurements of speed and time
collected by the GPS receivers.

Knowing the speed and heart rate
of a horse at any given moment helps
t[...]senior researcher in the Institute of
Veterinary and Animal Biomedical
Sciences.

The equine research[...]m
the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular
Evolution and Ecology will lead New
Zealand’s contribution to[...]ill create
DNA barcodes for New Zealand’s flora
and fauna, beginning with native birds
and later including other animals, plants,
insects and fungi. The team will also use
DNA from ancient bones and soft tissues
to identify extinct birds, such as moa, and
their genetic similarity to modern species.

“Biodiversity, conservation and
biosecurity management can only be
conducted agai[...]The project will cost an estimated
US$2.5 billion and is expected to take up
to 20 years to complete.

“The study looked at mel[...]onin is a hormone produced at
night in the brain, and sunlight and
artificial lighting can suppress production.
The[...]ion
is one of the most reliable markers of

Larks and owls

the phase of the circadian body clock,’ M[...]ues for the trial run to test out study
protocols and procedures.”

The circadian clock is the biolog[...]regulates
many aspects of metabolism, physiology
and behaviour, including sleep and awake
patterns. Ms Paine and her team of
researchers, Riz Firestone, Heather Purnell,
and Margo van den Berg, were rostered on
through the[...]action times. The
electrodes attached to her head
and face measure brain activity,
eye movement and muscle

tone in order to determine her
neurophysiological alertness and
sleep state. These electrodes
will not be used in[...]e the melatonin
rhythms of 30 morning-type people and
30 evening-type people recruited from
a questionn[...]rcadian body clocks.

Researchers Dr Leigh Signal and Margo
van den Berg are planning a 40-hour
study t[...]uch
as shiftworkers experience.

We all know them and sometimes we are them: morning people
who rise early, prefer to be active in the morning and are earlier
to bed; and their counterparts, the evening people who favour
rising later and staying up late. But what proportion of us fall i[...]Paine investigated the
prevalence of morning-type and cvening-type people. The
study found that one in[...]e
morning people, one in four are evening people, and the rest
fall between.

Age and work schedule were found to be important. “As y[...]kely to be a morning person,” says Ms
Paine. “And night workers are more likely to be evening peopl[...]society, where shift work is becoming more
common and people are up at all times of the day and night, a
better understanding of sleep and wake patterns is important,”
says Ms Paine. “[...]the brain,
regulates body functions such as sleep and wakefulness, changes
in core body temperature, and the release of hormones such as
melatonin.”

Ms[...]ifferences in the timing of their circadian clock and how much is
due to societal pressures such as work and family commitments.

MASSEY RESEARCH | 9

Professor David Parry, head of[...]oy Kerr, who explored the physics of
black holes, and world-renowned algebraist of the
early 1900s Prof[...]national centre for high-quality research in
food and biological innovation. It draws on an
exceptional[...]ey University
as host, the University of Auckland and the
University of Otago, as well as from the expe[...]e food
industry, particularly in functional foods and in
food ingredients with novel characteristics.[...]is driven
by co-directors Professor Paul Moughan and
Professor Harjinder Singh. Professor David Mellor,
Professor Jim Mann (University of Otago) and
Professor Don Chen (University of Auckland) are[...]sts 2005

grants totalling more than $1.7 million and had
55 publications in international refereed journals
and book chapters, with another nine either due
to be[...]t class honours from the
University of Canterbury and a PhD in applied
mathematics from the California[...]f
Technology in 1990. Professor McLachlan founded
and organises the Wellington—Manawatu Applied
Mathematics Day, held biennially at the University,
and has been editor of the Newsletter of the New
Zeal[...]yed at the Centre, including three new
associates and three visiting fellows appointed this
year. Kight[...]2 million in external funding.
Among its national and international research
partnerships and collaborations are the Biolysine
project (related[...]-million-
dollar PosiFoods project with Fonterra, and a joint
venture with Alpha Healthcare Internation[...]vised 20 students
towards PhDs, 15 for master’s
and several postgraduate diploma
and honours students. He is
often invited to give sem[...]has published or presented
more than 350 journal and
conference papers.

Tn 2000 the New Zealand
Soil Science Society awarded
him its fellowship, and in 2004
he received an ML Leamy award
in recognit[...]004.

Born in India, Professor Bolan.
holds a BSe and MSc from Tamil
Nadu Agricultural University
and a PhD from the University
of Western Australia. He came
to Massey in 1984 and was
appointed professor in 2003.

act (the behavioural). Unlike
some other talking treatments,
CBT focuses on here-and-now
problems and difficulties.

Those taking part in CBT are
given[...]to get people to engage in their
‘homework’, and the mechanism
by which such homework
produces its[...]aborating
with international experts in
the field and has established
a research laboratory for
postgra[...]O'Sullivan
had secured a Marsden Fast Start
grant and research funds from
the Maurice and Phyllis Paykel
trust, the Auckland Medical
Research Foundation and the

Massey University Research
Foundation.

M[...]lecturer in the Institute of
Information Sciences and
Technology since February 2004,
completed his PhD[...]ses in
artificial intelligence, operating
systems and concurrent
programming, and cryptography.

Dr Marsland applies
mathematics to[...]s machine learning,
computational image analysis,
and complex systems. His work
has application in such[...]medical
image analysis, bioinformatics,
robotics and fluid dynamics.

In 2004 Dr Marsland won
a Marsde[...]isms are useful
in fluid dynamics, plasma
physics and image warping. Dr
Marsland’s particular interes[...]arping, which is used
in analysing medical images and.
is lending itself to the diagnosis
of diseases such as Alzheimer’s,
schizophrenia and Huntingdon’.

Dr Mark Waterland lectures in
physical and inorganic chemistry
in the Institute of Fundament[...]determine
the chemical composition of
substances and the physical
properties of molecules, ions and
atoms.

Dr Waterland applies
the method of analys[...]ratus to
provide complementary data.
Dr Waterland and his colleagues
are one of the few groups in the
world applying both Stark and
Raman techniques to the study
of optical m[...]

Dr Ian Bond, from the Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, will conduct a search

for[...]the systems as large naturally occurring lenses, and is sensitive to planets
with masses as low as tha[...]g observations to search for isolated black holes and as a novel
technique for measuring stellar shapes[...]ic
observations of microlensing events from Earth and from the spacecraft. This will identify a class o[...]ble future New Zealand participation in Antarctic and
space-based astronomy.

Dr Barbara Holland, from the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, will use
genome-scale data sets to mea[...]lutionary trees they

rely on mathematical models and encounter difficulties when realistic situations[...]rees for more recent divergences, such as mammals and birds, has been hugely successful.
However, for d[...]dy will use a genome-scale data set of nucleotide and protein
alignments for 47 chloroplast genes and 30 taxa. By restricting the taxa to different subsets — flowering
plants; land plants; green plants and green algae; all algae and plants — Dr Holland’s team will measure the
i[...]ic molecular evolution for a range of time scales and gain a better understanding of

deep plant phylogeny.

Dr Kim McBreen and Associate Professor Peter Lockhart, from the Allan Wilson Centre for
Molecular Ecology and Evolution, will use the native New Zealand plant[...]of diversification. The drivers of morphological and ecological
diversification are unclear, but it is[...]particular, study of the model plant Arabidopsis and its close relatives is leading

to a much greater[...]e genetic processes involved in plant development and evolution.

The native Pachycladon is closely related to Arabidopsis, recent in origin, and shows considerable diversity

of form among its s[...]the resources that are available for Arabidopsis, and the
natural diversity within the Pachycladon grou[...]rtant in plant species radiation.

Dr Gill Norris and Dr Mark Patchett, from the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, will identify and
study the bacterial farnesyltransferase enzyme to[...]eins. Proteins
are the molecular workers of life, and their diversity is far greater than can be predic[...]otic modification associated with cell signalling and cancer. This modification is

completely unknown[...]availability of requisite isoprenoid substrates, and the

12 | MASSEY RESEARCH

designed to either inbibit (in heart and brain) or trigger (Gn tumours) apoptos

Dr Bil[...]e is a common perception that the smart materials and devices of the 21st century will be engineered
at[...]their properties in response to external stimuli, and are processed
at ambient temperatures, from susta[...]r change in the construction of our
own materials and devices, the structure-function relationships it[...]structural requirements of both plant cell walls and animal
connective tissues, undergo conformational[...]investigate how such transitions are controlled and utilised in nature.

Dr Shane Cronin and Dr Vernon Manville, from the Institute of Natural[...]hey will develop new techniques for understanding and monitoring geologic mass-flows.
Since the eruptio[...]rrier of loose debris. Sudden
failure of this dam and the triggering of a lahar is predicted from late[...]The researchers will use this unique circumstance and employ aerial
and digital photographie surveys to analyse post-event changes in channel morphology, sediment erosion
and redistribution. They will develop innovative ways to apply mechanical, electromagnetic, vibration, and
pressure detection systems to understand the velocities, sediment distribution, flow and erosion processes
within rapidly moving sediment-[...]s will be tested in the lab as
well as at Ruapehu and a debris flood-prone area in Indonesia, Results w[...]ard against which the new generation of numerical and physical mass-flow models
can be calibrated and refined.

MASSEY RESEARCH | 13

this way, they break apart and release their contents into the airways. New infl[...]s of asthmatics contributes to tissue destruction and the persistence of inflammation. It will compare[...]obtained directly from the airways of asthmatics and non-asthmatics to engulf inflammatory cells. If t[...]sion of a central approach for the representation and efficient
management of complex application data.[...]cell processes, e-business,
seismology, vulcanism and geographic information systems. While the mathematical and logical basis for traditional database systems is[...]o investigate how their semantics can be captured and processed efficiently; and to study how such dependencies can

be used to pr[...]ed databases that are free from data redundancies and processing
difficulties. The researchers aim to o[...]anding of common characteristics of complex data, and therefore
contribute to a mathematically s[...]

The health of older adults[...]lpass, a researcher in the

School of Psychology, and a team of

researchers will identify the influences on
health and wellbeing in later midlife that lay
the basis for community participation and
health in later life.

The three
relationships between physical and mental

ar project will explore the

health and personal circumstances for people
aged between 55 and 70 years as they move
into retirement. It will examine how this
relates to positive ageing, independence,
and maintenance of health as people grow
older. Data will be collected through postal
questionnaires and interviews, with follow-
up interviews every, sec[...]ategic Development Contract to explore
the issues and challenges that funders, planners
andand
Technology has made a $1.5 million grant
— $300[...]ll focus on the demand
side of the labour market, and build on the
findings of the eight-year Labour Ma[...]his found that the work environment
is precarious and, increasingly, people are
piecing together a living from a mix of
part-time, casual and contract work, and self
employment.

The team will investigate how b[...]employment, looking
at targeting skills training and education,
and available and future opportunities across
industries. The resea[...]wo years

At the Auckland-based Centre for
Social and Health Outcomes Research and
Evaluation, Helen Moewaka Barnes has
been awarded[...]the intergenerational
experiences of environments and wellbeing.

Four projects based at the Centre for[...]eil Pearce’s research
programme into the causes and control
of communicable disease received further[...]er three years
to research dioxin exposure levels and health
effects in phenoxy herbicide production
workers, and Dr Sunia Foliaki received
$68,582 over three year[...]dy of
cancer in Pacific populations.

Janice Wenn and Professor Chris
Cunningham of the Research Centre for
Maori Health and Development received
funding of $84,620 over thre[...]Amohia Boulton,
Associate Professor Paul Merrick, and
Professor Chris Cunningham.

The HRC is the gover[...]blic good health
research in New Zealand.

apart, and in-depth employment history
interviews with people aged 15 to 34 years
in Auckland, Wellington, Manawatu and
Gisborne. Employers in the four areas will
be surveyed on their strategies for organising
labour supply and the associated costs and
benefits.

Professor Spoonley says that a poor
fit between training and employment
opportunities has been exacerbated by
emigration, an ageing population and the
poor use made of immigrants’ skills. Among[...]says.

The team includes Professor Paul
Spoonley and Dr Ann Dupuis (sociology),
Professor Anne de Bruin (economics),
Professor Kerr Inkson (management and
international business) and Eljon Fitzgerald
(Maori Studies).

Funding

At th[...]nd classical
guitarist Professor Matthew Marshall and Chair of
the Wellington City Council Arts Committ[...]tgraduate clinical
psychology training programme, and to provide
a clinical service. Massey has the lar[...]r Ian Evans, Hon. Annette King, Dr
Duncan Babbage and Professor Ken Heskin.

MASSEY RESEARCH | 15

Regar[...]t was second,
considered important by 94 percent, and a good work/life balance
and good education for children were factors for 93 p[...]emed high employment
important, while low poverty and possible earnings were a factor
for 79 and 77 percent of respondents respectively.

“Only[...]hose
who were committed to staying in New Zealand and those less
7s Professor Sally Casswell, director[...]ity natural
environment, a good work/life balance and New Zealand's artistic
and cultural heritage.”

The survey is one part of[...]tantial study of
the nation’s political, social and moral opinions.

fe

Young people and alcohol

In New Zealand between 1990 and

1999 there was a series of liberalising
alcohol[...]he alcohol industry

Taisia Huckle, Megan Pledger and
Professor Sally Casswell set out to analyse
alcohol-related harms and offences from
1990 to 2003.

They found that the[...]ditions

for obtaining a licence to sell alcohol

and the sale of wine being allowed in
supermarkets and grocery outlets. (In
1990 there were 6,000 licenc[...]e more sophisticated at addressing
their products and marketing to young
people; the extensive range of[...]d market in 1995 being

influenced younger people and that

this may be expressed in increases in
disorderly behaviour and drink driving.
They also found — as is tellingl[...]Year Year Year
Pace 20-24-year-olds pant 25 years and over
—®-— Fatal crashes
Rate per Rate[...]

But 10 has not lasted lo[...]ofessor Allan
Baker from the Royal Ontario Museum
and the University of Toronto and Dr Craig
Millar from the Allan Wilson Centre at the
University of Auckland — have identified

and his collaborators

five more species of moa, including one
giant of more than 140 kg, and at the same
time another two ‘species’ have b[...]he new species
has been enabled by the extraction and
analysis of DNA. Samples of ancient DNA
were extracted from 125 moa bones and
genetically typed. The researchers have been
able[...]mass was broken up
by the advent of new mountains and there
was a general cooling of the climate.

“This resulted in the isolation of
lineages and promoted ecological
specialisation. The spectacul[...]involved significant changes
in body size, shape and mass. The moa
radiation provides another example[...]history, similar
to that of the Galapagos finches and the
Hawaiian honeycreepers.”

The paper on reconstructing the tempo
and model of evolution with the extinct
moa ha[...]

Consciousness and the unborn

Unborn babies may look as if they are[...]rding to Professor
David Mellor.

“Touch, sound and other stimuli have various effects on
the body, i[...]ial for consciousness) can respond with movements and
hormone release and heart rate changes.”

A literature review published by Massey Professor Mellor and
Auckland University colleagues in Brain Research Reviews and
cited in New Scientist says that babies are in sl[...]tes throughout pregnancy, as both the fetal brain and placenta
produce potent sleep-inducing hormones,[...]oidal anaesthetic pregnanolone.

Professor Mellor and his colleagues have cautioned against
giving fetu[...]erest rates:
consumers uninterested

Between 1996 and 2003, credit card borrowing rose from about
$1.5[...]enchmark cost of borrowing, the 90-day bill rate, and the
rates charged by credit card companies grew s[...]o find out what was happening, Christine Chandran and
senior lecturers Claire Matthews and David Tripe from the
Department of Finance, Banking and Property surveyed 200
people in August 2003.

The[...]id not
know their card’s current interest rate, and 59 percent did not
know what fees they were payin[...]their full balance each month, avoiding interest and penalty
charges; a further 25 percent pay interest charges on outstanding
balances of $500 or less; and the remaining 15 to 25 percent pay
interest on ou[...]being more
likely to be “credit constrained” and so less able to get approval
to refinance the deb[...]me age.

A study conducted by psychology lecturer and researcher Dr
Linda Jones has compared the health[...]ho were exposed to high levels of mercury at work and 32
women in a matched control group.

Dr Jones sa[...]llic taste, dry skin,
sleep disturbances, anxiety and tremors.

“The most notable difference was repr[...]ics. The amalgam was produced by heating
pellets, and in so doing releasing mercury vapour. On average[...]uses it?

When it comes to Internet banking, men and women have
different perceptions about what matters. And whether you are
Asian, European or Polynesian may[...]acceptance
— or otherwise — of the advantages and risks of banking by
computer. Dr Gurvinder Shergill, a sénior marketing lecturer, and
student Bing Li, of the Department of Commerce, s[...]The study found women regarded privacy protection and
ethical standards more seriously than men. Custom[...]gher expectations of privacy than Asian
customers and higher expectations of ethical standards than
Maori customers, while customers of Maori, Asian and other
ethnic backgrounds regarded speed of respon[...]ss than 5 percent used Internet banking every day and barely
a quarter would ‘log on’ to their acco[...]Internet banking is
crucial for banks to survive and remain competitive, but growth
is dependent on customers’ perceptions of how secure it is and
the quality of service of banks’ website[...]

Medical information and the Internet

Is information taken from the web s[...]eople use the Internet to find health information
and whether it is an effective way of reducing the gap in
information between providers and users of health care.

The survey was conducted by Dr Guy Scott and Terry
Auld of Massey’s Department of Applied and International
Economics, who questioned 126 peopl[...]fter seeking medical information on the Internet, and almost
10 percent said they'd given up smoking. A[...]says the study showed both the potential benefits
and the risks of using the Internet to source health[...]ity information could lead to harm to individuals and
the waste of health-care resources; good-quality[...]ter understanding of illness, increase
compliance and cut waste.

The study’s authors are urging the[...]communications in getting consumers to understand
and comply with instructions for taking their prescri[...]medicine
practitioners as very important sources and more than 30 percent
rated the media as a very im[...]ernationally on average no better than 50
percent and rates for behaviourally demanding treatment much[...]ings on Maori health, Maori development, politics andand analyses the pos
Maori and Maori interests at the start of the third millennium.
Scholars and students alike will find this book both readable and
informative, addressing a range of high-level issues from research
and science to the law; from the development of human potential
to leadership and politics. With his particular talent for identifying

structure and order, Durie gives no fewer than 35 frameworks

is which serve as succinct summaries of endurance and

of analy
progress.

This book makes many individual contributions to Maori and
New Zealand scholarship, and space dictates that | discuss only
representative[...]ie gives a full account of the issues,
chronology and-roles of various players in the unfolding maelstrom
which has the been the debate over the foreshore and seabed.
While this debate may have been new for many New Zealanders,
both Maori and the law have had a long history of interaction
wi[...]ill learn something from his rich

description and analysis which tactfully leaves the final judgeme[...]es an exploration of Maori knowledge, world views and
research methodology. His views on ‘research at the interface’
between Maori and scientific paradigms, and the implications for
the research, science and technology sector, move us forward from
an historical position of opposition and misunderstanding.

Chapters 7,8 and 9 deal with Maori and the state, Maori and
the law, and Maori in Parliament. Covering issues from Maori
p[...]ide’ as a metaphor at a time when the
foreshore and seabeds are themselves the subject of much debate
in New Zealand. And possibly Durie has paralleled the approach
of Kin[...]k ends on a note which
is optimistic, encouraging and strategic — characteristically Mason
Dur[...]

He had an uncle, a merchant seaman, who[...]as the pumpkins burst.

Around the bays, beaches and mangroves
north of Auckland he fished, snorkelled
and messed about in small boats. He read
Defoe’s Ro[...]s Moby
Dick, Stevenson’s Tieasure Island, Bligh and
Christian’s [Edward Christian, Fletcher
Christi[...]ounty Mutiny
(some in the Classic Comic editions) and
‘Thor Heyerdahl’s ‘The Kon-Tiki Expedition.[...]was
now a PhD student undertaking his field
work, and the Loyalty Islands had all the
travel-brochure t[...]ed with expanses of white-sand beach,
azure water and coral reefs. But it was a
strait-laced paradise.[...]remember
sitting in these dreadfully hot churches and
not understanding a word of what was going

Pacif[...]him on the Auckland campus.

on with the singing and preaching. You'd
look out the windows and there would be
these absolutely glorious beaches[...]e West has projected
its vision on to the Pacific and its islands,
which have variously been seen as paradise
and as paradise lost, as a paradigm for man
living in harmony with nature and as
cautionary examples of what happens when
envir[...]eoples of the Pacific have been
depicted as noble and as brutish; as the
hapless victims of colonialism and as
participants in the colonial enterprise. Their[...]ound the Pacific have
been depicted as controlled and purposeful,
and as little more than the consequence of
drift and chance. They have been cast as one
of the lost tribes of Israel, and as Johnny-
come-latelies who have usurped the pla[...]snakes up the coast
from East Cape to North Cape, and he has
recently published Coastal Sea Kayaking in
New Zealand: A Practical Touring Manual.) And
while he is no longer as absurdly youthful
as he[...]s he has been studying the
history of the Pacific and the historiography
of the Pacific — the history[...]the Pacific
tell us as much about the historians and the
times they lived in as they do about what
hap[...]ke
Keith Sinclair, Keith Sorrenson, Russell
Stone and Howe’s thesis supervisor, Judith
Binney. He bec[...]ters like
Don Binney, Ralph Hotere, Colin McCahon
and Pat Hanley. Poets like Hone Tuwhare
and, again, Keith Sinclair. Writers like
Maurice Shad[...]ure of postcolonial New Zealand society
in novels and short stories. Looking to them
and their like, Howe became, as he puts it, a
romanti[...].

The sixties also ushered in the Vietnam
‘War and accompanying protest, the
American civil rights movement — which
Howe credits with having had a huge and
still largely underestimated influence in
New Zealand — and a swag of ideologies,
among them feminism, anti-racism andand we
grizzled about the Vietnam War and we
started to grizzle about the environment, but[...]ense that the future
was only going to get better and better and
better,” says Howe. “By being involved[...]

and internationally staffed, the Australian
National[...]ewis, who studied Polynesian navigational
methods and had sailed single-handed
around the Antarctic.)[...]as
seen through the eyes of missionaries, traders
and administrators — the Australian National
Univer[...]re sealed. People were
still cooking on primuses, and there were
Coleman lamps at night. In our romanti[...]here
there had been a battle between the Catholic
and Protestant factions of the Islanders, or
the beach where the sandalwood trade had
been conducted — and talk to Islanders for
whom the last century’s e[...]rs could remember stories
going back to the 1840s and the 1850s
and the names of traders and which island
women they had married. These were
a[...]imple narrative in which a superior culture
meets and overwhelms a primitive culture;
perpetrator meets[...]mpact interpretation of
the contact between Maori and European.
Howe's belief — which his thesis woul[...]omplex interplay,
with each culture learning from and
exploiting the other.

His MA thesis completed, Howe headed
to Canberra and the Department of

Pacific History at the Austral[...]res of the missionaries in the
nineteenth century and become ardently

Christian — which interested H[...]of nickel was
accompanied by mass dispossessions and
social disruption. (Being obviously non-
French s[...]ders took the Howes
into their lives. “They fed and clothed us
and took us around. They did everything
for us. This[...]structures, which New Caledonia largely

did not, and Christianity could be used to

a chief's p[...]

Howe looked at the Pacific and its host of
different societal interactions and wondered
where he might make some attempt at
expl[...]ory (1984) was the result, a wide-
ranging survey and synthesis which found
patterns in the detailed re[...]ve holds true. Each
island’s contact experience and subsequent
history are uniquely its own. Lf for e[...]seeking political advantage,
then in New Zealand and Samoa the
tendency had been for ordinary individuals
to convert first and the upper echelons to
follow. Howe describes Wher[...]Different legacies

Race relations in Australia and New Zealand

In 1970, three months into his PhD at the
Australian National University, Howe and
his wife skived off from Canberra in a
Holden sta[...]he country. Outback Australia, with
its immensity and beauty, enthralled him;
the condition of its Aboriginal inhabitants
left him distressed and appalled. Their lives
were afflicted by poverty, drunkenness and
brutality.

His response, “partly my own way of[...]ad’, was a
short book, Race Relations Australia and New
Zealand: A Comparative Survey 1770s- 1970s.

Why were the contact histories of Australia
and New Zealand so different? “Perhaps
more than any other single factor, the
respective natures of Maori and Aboriginal
societies in pre-European times help to
explain why Maori and Aboriginal relations
with Europeans have been ver[...]hysical environment:
New Zealand, rugged, fertile and temperate;
Australia, largely flat, infertile and arid.

The Maori practised agriculture — as well
as hunting, fishing and gathering — and lived
relatively settled existences; the Aborigin[...]vailability of food.
Maori society was stratified and hierarchical;
Aboriginal society was not. The Mao[...]bal warfare
as took place was mainly skirmishing, and
territorial conquest was virtually unknown.

Thes[...]stics
— combined with European ethnocentricity

and racism — put the Maori far closer to the
accept[...]e stark difference in European attitudes
to Maori and Aborigines is made flesh in the
person of missionary Samuel Marsden, who
arrived in Sydney in 1794 and would later
mount a series of voyages to New Zeal[...]ty — or indeed for many of the
European beliefs and trappings.

The book led to Howe teaching a cours[...]emotions all tied up in an explosive mix of
tugby and race.

“T don’t chink you could teach a cours[...]e
that indigenous people were universally
damaged and dispossessed all to the same
extent you are proba[...]a better record on race relations
than Australia and I think you'd just be
screamed down.”

Nor, des[...]ooks are creatures of their times. You
write them and move on.”

MASSEY RESEARCH | 23

his specialist interests — contact history and
Pacific historiography — and in much else.

“One of the attractions of writi[...]rite about that. You have to write
about the life and the times. So I ended up
having to write an enorm[...]Tregear’s
lifetime.”

Born in England in 1846 and raised in
comfortable circumstances, Edward Trege[...]ring the family
wealth.

Tregear became a soldier and then a
surveyor, spending months at a time in
Mao[...]assically schooled, Tregear had
been able to read and write Greek and
Latin at age seven. From his early years he
had been captivated by Celtic, Nordic and
classical legend. Now, as he acclimatised,
Tregear set about applying his learning
and his passion for the new sciences of

comparative mythology, religion and
linguistics to his new land and its people. In
1885 he published The Aryan Maori,[...]an heritage
embedded in Maori language, mythology
and custom.

Tregear was one of the founders of
the P[...]. He compiled
well-regarded dictionaries of Maori and
Polynesian languages. This is Tregear the
interpreter of matters Maori and Polynesian.

The other Tregear is the civil servant and
social reformer. In 1891 he was appointed
Secreta[...]largely administered the Industrial
Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1894,
and he became the leading publicist and
theoretician of New Zcaland labour reform.

Did H[...]d in; he was a creature of the
nineteenth century and I am one of the
twentieth. In many ways he is an archetypal
kind of New Zealander; some of the

values and concerns he stood for you can
see continuing on t[...]iety: his concern that we should have

an ordered and a decent society. A society
that would have none[...]lists, both authors, both followers of
literature and the arts.

The times in which it was written also[...]which had nascent beginnings in
Tregear’s times and which Howe and

his parents had grown up in, was being
dismantled by Roger Douglas and David
Lange. “It was quite jarring. It wasn’t[...]the collective common good
to those of the market and the individual.”

Within the universities the c[...]shallow the time frame
is for New Zealand history and how close-
knit the political scene. Howe tracked down
two of Tregear’s grandchildren and one of his
nephews. All had adult memories of Tre[...]rston North by former Prime Minister
Bill Rowling and with Tregear’s relatives
present. “I rang him to see if he would read
the book and then launch it, and he said
“Yes, yes, I'll do that’;

says Ho[...]CH

iad

had the Tregear extended family there and
Rowling, who was the last representative of a
particular philosophy, beginning with Tregear
and the Liberals, in New Zealand political
behaviour.[...]was not an issue. Come the
mid-twenticth century and there was a
consciousness that the issue existed.[...]accounts of Aotearoa. However, in the
late 1970s and early 1980s factions within
Maoridom began to arg[...]place in 1978 between
the historian Michael King and Professor
Sydney Mead in the pages of the New
Zea[...]for, as he put it,“reaching into Maori culture
and pulling out features with which they
can identify[...]itten in this country
came to an end in the 1970s and it only got
going again in a different guise, wit[...]ople were heavily
outnumbered by later immigrants and
their descendants — there was a similar[...]

“You would get up at conferences and
the locals would berate all the white faces
in th[...]. You had to maintain
your own sense of integrity and get on with
it, Some people survived and some people
didn’t — they gave it up.”[...]re accurately, to historiography.
Nature, Culture and History: The ‘Knowing’ of
Oceania is a mature[...]meditation building on decades of careful
reading and research, and expanding on his

Macmillan Brown Lectures.

J[...]insistence on a grand narrative — the rise

and fall of imperialism — and second because
of its reductive moralising: colon[...]ntire journal,
for example, you only have to read and
deconstruct a single paragraph and find
in it every possible sin such as racism,
sex[...], Howe says, has always had a
sceptical approach, and the race relations and
contact history Howe wrote had always had
an awareness of the ‘other’. And no matter
what approach postmodernism brings, thi[...]al teaching of some disciplines,
notably English. And there has been a
flavour-of-the-month character t[...]ces, Howe writes, where
“every young presenter (and some of the
older ones) fell over themselves to s[...]their
attention to some event in the Pacific — and
then there was usually no connection.”

If Howe[...]owe.

The Quest for Origins: Who First Discovered
and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific
Islands?, the bestseller that is the[...]r Origins sets out
the linguistic, archaeological and biological
evidence for the pattern of New Zealan[...]ll as presenting the theories
that once held sway and locating them
within the context of their times.[...]. “I am thinking
of Jared Diamond | Guns, Germs and Steel

and the recently published Collapse], Simon
Winchester [The Map that Changed the World
and Krakatoa], Dava Sobel [Longitude and
Galileo’s Daughter]. They are all writing about[...]y that strikes a chord.
People find it accessible and they respond

to it.”

Howe's current projec[...]tech exhibition, which will tour
internationally, and an accompanying
scholarly, large-format lavishly illustrated
book, for which Howe is the general editor
and the author of two chapters.

An initiative of the[...]1990. Waka Moana will set the Pacific islands
and New Zealand in the context of global
settlement. Oceania was the last region on
earth to be settled and New Zealand, settled
just 700 years ago, truly is[...]ill explore the origins of
the peoples of Oceania and how and when
settlement took place. It will illuminate
some of the debates. And it won't be, says
Howe, just a white man’s scie[...]igenous peoples may have thought about
the cosmos and their place within it.

“So the stars, for exam[...], the depopulation of some
islands, the pollution and overcrowding of
others?

MASSEY RESEARCH | 25

“The sort of divisive tribalism that
people talk about and the lack of a ‘national’
cohesive society in[...]t was just masked by the
overlay of colonial rule and colonial control.”

But it is simplistic to fin[...]ical
disadvantages of being small, resource-
poor and isolated are overwhelming, yet
their inhabitants[...]ywhere on earth. We had the
industrial revolution and the electronic
revolution. We are a technologically and
industrially driven world community, and
some countries have the capacity to benefit
in a[...]give everybody the ability to go to The
Warehouse and put goods on the credit card.
It isn’t going to[...]e excavates his battered talisman:
Pirates, Ships and Sailors, a Giant Golden
Book. This is one of the books he credits
with snaring his childhood imagination

and starting him along the path that would
eventually[...]antment of history is the
enchantment of stories, and stories
— successful stories — set up and meet certain
expectations, conform to certain tem[...]enthralled.
So Easter Island was settled by South Americans.
Extraordinary! The daring adventurer is
vindicat[...]ori people affected the way
generations of Pakeha and Maori viewed
themselves and each other.

If we want to change the world then[...]me shows little evidence of the
requisite reading and research.

Howe, who started out in his career
pu[...]of those who believes the truth to be
seldom pure and never simple. Good history
is self-aware, complex — sometimes to the
point of being contradictory and confused
—and seldom deals in moral certainties.
That's what ma[...], Canberra: Australian
National University Press, and Honolulu:
University Press of Hawaii, 1977. Frenc[...]tudes
Historiques, 1978

Race Relations Australia and New Zealand. A
Comparative Survey 1770s-1970s, Wellington
and Sydney: Methuen, 1977. Revised
edition, Auckland:[...]in the
Twentieth Century, Sydney: Allen & Unwin,
and Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
1994,

Nature, Culture and History. The ‘Knowing’
of Oceania, Honolulu:[...]00.

The Quest for Origins - Who First Discovered
and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific
Islands? , Auckland: Penguin B[...]

few months Parker and her group have had
their hand in four major paper[...]onic gastritis, is associated with
peptic ulcers, and has been linked to the
development of gastric can[...]atic amino
acids, some of them essential.

Humans and other mamunals lack such
a pathway; they ingest t[...]m of many
pathogenic organisms — such as TB — and
not in humans, it is a tempting target for
new co[...]uman hosts. It is a good
candidate for fungicides and herbicides too.

In fact, glyphosate, a co[...]

born there. Had the e-ma[...]r 400 daltons.
“You've got your small molecules and
your large molecule andand
X-ray crystallography — are then applied to
res[...]re,” says Parker. “Take DAHP synthase
from TB and it’s about 50,000 daltons in size.
Take it from another organism charged with
the same biological role and it is around
30,000. There are also massive diffe[...]quence. If you tried to overlay
sequences from TB and from EF. coli, less than.
ten percent would be id[...]lar enzymes catalyse reactions. The
commonalities and variations represent
opportunities to produce both broad-
spectrum drugs on the one hand, and drugs
targeted at particular pathogens on the oth[...]negative
bacteria — many of which are
nasty — and in plants. We believe
both enzymes can be traced[...]rying
to track the evolution.”

Parker’s work and its

a friend advising her of a job at
Massey[...]synthase, knits together a three carbon
molecule and a four carbon molecule
(phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose 4~
phosphate), both of which are derived from
glucose.

The enzyme andand 50,000
daltons,” says Parker sculpting the shap[...]emistry,
concerned with larger organic molecules;
and even a touch of quantum physics — the
principles of which determine the workings
of NMR and X-ray crystallography.

Chemist and crystallography expert
turned biochemist Professo[...]dents. She has two post-
doctoral, eight doctoral and three master’s
students in her group. They have come from
an assortment of New Zealand universities
and from as far afield as the United States
and Korea.

“The area of the interface between
chemistry and biology is clearly popular,”
says Parker wryly.[...]s very exciting. We
are doing some wonderful work and I am
very lucky.”

MASSEY RESEARCH | 29

‘Tall, tousle-haired and bespectacled,
Professor Jameson gives his entire[...]ral work,
to Switzerland as a research scientist, and,
in 1982, to Georgetown University in
Washington DC, where he would be first an
assistant and then an associate professor.

At Georgetown he wo[...]agnetic susceptibility studies in the solid
state and paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy
in the solution sta[...]sb.massey.a

Biotechnology

Matcolm Wood nist

andand big
questions sure to appeal to someone whose
mot[...]joined by peptide bonds that fold into unique

—and complex — three-dimensional structures.

In the[...]otein structures to be
determined outside Britain and the United
States was that of the blue copper pro[...]technology, but in the realm of small
molecules, and it remained to be seen how
well he would do when[...]ork that has implications for both
milk treatment and, more broadly, the
understanding of how families[...]ris@masse

Emily Parker, E.J.Parke

the structure and mechanism of the lysine
biosynthetic enzyme dihydrodipicolinate
synthase; and, in collaboration with Massey
colleague Associate[...]genomics

approach to the molecular structure and
mechanism and inter-molecular interactions
of enzymes of fungal[...]off. However, his mastery of inorganic
chemistry and its techniques has not passed
from collective mem[...]spectrometry
(NMR), computational, biochemical,

and biophysical approaches to the study
of biomolecular structure, dynamics and
interactions. The centre’s research includes

investigations into proteins, nucleic acid

carbohydrates and ligands.

The centre houses New Zealand's
finest collection of NMR spectrometers
(700, 500, and 400 MHz), a 200 MHz
MRI spectrometer and a new X-ray
diffraction suite. Its resources include a
dedicated computer facility and a fully
equipped molecular/ protein laboratory.
L[...]l from both the Institute of
Fundamental Sciences and the Institute of

Molecular Biosciences[...]

Cells and SODs
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a particula[...]oxide ions, which are a by-product
of respiration and are the first formed of the
damaging reactive oxy[...]nobacteria, which began 2.5 billion years
ago — and it is superoxide dismutatases that
enable life as[...]The role of the SODs was discovered by
Joe McCord and Irwin Fridovich at Duke
University in North Carol[...]osely at a blue-green
protein called haemocuprein and discovered
that what had been thought to be a rep[...]superoxide radicals (O2") into hydrogen
peroxide and oxygen by a factor of a billion.

Subsequently ma[...]und. They fall into
three families: the manganese and iron SODs,
the copper—zine SODs, and the nickel SODS.
Humans have a manganese superoxi[...]the mitochondria (where
respiration takes place), and a copper—zine
SOD that is found in the internal fluid of the
cell. Many bacteria, plants and fimgi also have
an iron SOD. The nickel SOD is fo[...]Ds, Jameson hopes to understand how
they function and to be able to trace
evolutionary relationships.[...]ent
metals — metals with distinctive electronic
and chemical properties — somehow achieve
similar enzymatic effects and oxidation and
reduction behaviour.

In a recent collaborative paper Jameson
looked closely at the structure and function of
manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD[...]e far less efficient:
“With the £. coli enzyme and especially the
human enzyme, if you have relative[...]c dead end. The superoxide locks on to
the enzyme and the reaction slows.

What makes the D. radioduria[...]ligate anaerobe Methanococcus
thermoautotrophicum and an MnSOD from the
aerobic bacterium, Pyrobaculum[...]emselves, including the regulation of
cell damage and ageing, ways of triggering
cancer cells into apoptosis or cell death,
and mechanisms for combating diseases,
such as TB (th[...]C,H,,0, + 6 O, = 6 CO, + 6 H,O + energy
Glucose and oxygen give you carbon
dioxide, water and energy in the chemical
form of adenosine triphosp[...]oxidation of glucose, must be added
one at a time and then coupled with the
addition of hydrogen ions ([...]n peroxide
(H,O,), then the hydroxyl radical (OH) and
finally water (H,O). Most of the oxygen we
breath[...]ese escapees or intermediates

— the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals — are
free-radical reactive-o[...]paired electron that makes free
radicals unstable and gives them the potential
to destroy proteins, DNA and RNA.

The hydroxyl radicals snatch electrons
from[...]tron, becoming hydrogen peroxide. Free
metal ions and even metal ions in proteins,
especially iron or c[...]reacts with water, organic
matter, proteins, DNA and RNA.

Recommended rea

Oxygen: The Molecul[...]

Formation of free radicals them into oxygen and hydrogen
peroxide before they can do damage.

UV[...]a helices are shown as

Mitochondrion

spirals and beta sheets as flattened
arrows, All bonded atoms[...]sity
(yellow lines for carbon, blue

for nitrogen and red for oxygen
atoms). The inhibitor azide

is shown in a ball and stick
representation. Water molecules
(red[...]

allow the structures to be solved and ‘seen’
indirectly. These include nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray
crystallography, particularly with the aid[...]ng magnetic field created by a
supercooled magnet and pulsed with radio
frequency radiation. After the[...]in a molecule resonating at different
frequencies and coupling with each other.
These frequencies can b[...]he stronger the magnet, the
better the resolution and sensitivity — hence
the importance of the 700-M[...]acquired in 2004.

X-ray crystallography records and analyses
the pattern produced by the diffraction[...]ther than others.
Carbon atoms with six electrons and iron
atoms with 26 electrons are good candidates
for X-ray diffraction; hydrogen and its heavy
isotope deuterium, each with only a sin[...]al. Each dark spot, or
reflection, has a position and an intensity.
A typical protein crystal yields 20,000 to
300,000 reflections.

Hydrogen and deuterium atoms are better
suited to neutron diff[...]ok — the technique requires very large
crystals and lots of time.

X-ray crystallography, while a good tool
for looking at the positions of atoms and
how they are bonded, is also less suited
to provi[...]s Jameson, for proteins are not
static molecules. And protein dynamics are
imiportant.

The DAHP enzyme[...]; NMR
provides the movie.

The most versatile — and expensive — tool
used in structural biology is[...]nging from
infrared to visible light, ultraviolet and X-rays.

Jameson’s recent paper exploring the
w[...]t this resolution
we can ‘see’ hydrogen atoms and, in particular,
many of those that are chemically and
biochemically important.”

He looks forward to[...]r enterprise
which will open in 2007 in Melbourne and
in which Massey has made a $400,000 capital
investment and commitment to running
costs. “It is going to be[...]oes it with
better sensitivity, better resolution and more
quickly. The challenge is to get people to
r[...]nder
construction at Monash University,
Melbourne and scheduled for completion in
2007. The building, a[...]ing in the lower panel) is

70 metres in diameter and 216 metres

in circumference. Synchrotrons provid[...]greater than 99.95 percent of the
speed of light) and magnets then guide
the electron beam around the s[...]are key
instruments of modern structural biology
and materials sciences. Their applications
span from fundamental physical and
biological sciences to medical imaging,
nanolithography, microscopy and drug
discovery. Massey University is a maj[...]

In recent[...]ll structures of the eukarya,
such as the nucleus and they
have a small range of organelles.
Wouldn’t it make sense for life
to begin simply and accumulate
complexity? Bacteria are simple;
eukar[...]ot. For

there is another way of looking
at it and that is to view bacteria
as reproduction machines: the
more simple and stripped down
the organism the speedier and
more efficient that reproduction
will be. There i[...]Did life evolve at high temperature
and great depth? Shown here is the
top of a tall (~5[...]ure
characteristics intermediate between bacteria
and eukaryotes.)

Jameson’s interest is in an organ[...]. Ribosomes are a “cantilever”.

In the 1960s and 1970s the analysis of
ribosomal RNA was used to look at the
degree of relatedness between eukaryotes
and bacteria, the expectation being that the
evidence[...]ctober/
November 2004. Photograph courtesy of GNS and JAMSTEC

are highly distinct — the implication being
that the split between eukaryotes and
prokaryotes must have happened very
quickly and very early.

Given that eukaryotes have far more[...]n is present in cither bacteria or
archaea, Penny and Jameson are inclined to
come out against much of current thinking
and cast their votes for the first life being
eukaryo[...]es above

55 to 65 degrees Celsius it unfolds, and at
slightly higher temperatures it
becomes chemic[...]ep
sea may offset the effects of high
temperature and make for a
more stable molecule. One line
of theo[...]treme pressure,”
says Jameson. “Some denature
and others retain stability, but
nothing has been done with
RINAs.”

Jameson and NMR expert
Dr Patrick Edwards are
planning to use[...]ure, to give a more
detailed picture of unfolding
and decomposition events
than can be obtained by other
complementary techniques.

1650 m and the hydrothermal fluid
is venting at about[...]

experienc

in statistics and investments with a particular
interest in options and futures. “For
example, I am sometimes enlisted[...]Despite his expertise, he says he can’t say
—and nobody can really say for sure — what
is going[...]stock market. “You
may get a cycle, an ‘up’ and a ‘down’, and
within that cycle there will be confounding
effec[...], he says, we may be surprised to
learn what does and does not affect the
markets. This year’s genera[...]Street Journal finds that the attacks in
New York and Washington in September
2001 did not have as much[...]ty in predicting market
behaviour, he is a player and has been for
three decades. He started with mutual funds
and bonds but these became boring, so he
switched to[...]ment as
well as the potential for financial gain, and
acknowledges that he may fit the profile.

He lig[...]oresight but means I have seen my portfolio
go up and down by huge amounts over

the years. I still rem[...]oming
aware that retirement will come up
sometime and around about then, the
high-risk levels in my por[...]to
be reduced.”

In the meantime, his research and
investment interests are served by a virtually
pa[...]all Street
Journal is at the top, just above CNN. And
there is one hard-copy resource on hand: a
vetera[...]ll’s
Advanced Theory of Statistics by A. Stuart
and J.K. Ord (originally by M. Kendall),
published by the Oxford University Press
and regarded by Corrado as the best single
reference[...]is my
bible,” he says, taking it off the shelf and
proudly showing off its dog-eared pages. “T[...]Charles Corrado
completed two PhDs, in economics and
in finance, at the State University of
New York and the University of Arizona
respectively. In an aca[...]Missouri in Columbia,
the University of Auckland, and the
University of Technology in Sydney.
He is a senior associate of the Australian
Institute of Banking and Finance, a
member of the American Finance
Association, the Financial Management
Association, and Western Finance
Association; and is an elected director of
the Multinational Finan[...]ciate editor of the Multinational
Finance Journal and the Journal of Futures
Markets. A recently published paper covers
forecasting stock index volatility, and his
many research awards include two for
the best paper on Australian and New
Zealand capital markets.

In asurvey based on publication between
1990 and 2004 in 21 leading financial
journals, Professor[...]a further eight prominent researchers
from the US and the UK — was also ranked
12th in the Asia-Pacif[...]ted by researchers at Western
Kentucky University and the University
of Daytona, recently appeared in t[...]man
served on the faculties of Erasmus
University and Auckland University. He
was visiting professor at the Universities of
Sydney, Kansas and Maastricht.

His teaching experience covers most
areas in finance at undergraduate, honours
and postgraduate levels. He has published in
a number[...]ncial Economics,

the Review of Financial Studies and Financial
Management.

MASSEY RESEARCH | 37

“The theories in the business and
marketing textbooks we use in New Zealand
were mostly developed in the United States
and Europe,” says Chetty. “But New Zealand
is a s[...]the leap
into the international market.

European and United States companies
usually do it by first selling through
agents, then licensing a local partner, and
finally setting up their own off-shore
manufactur[...].
“Often they have past experience in business,
and they have international networks.

Traditi[...]

but using new technology to do it.”[...]are invented to withstand
New Zealand conditions, and because of
the physical geography they have to be
very strong and very high quality. This is
an example of where we[...]develop a
strong domestic market over a long time and
then launch out into the world very slowly.
But o[...]‘the
gusher’ is to explore the opportunities and
then focus in on one. Often this means
specialisi[...]funding from the Foundation
for Research, Science and Technology, and

will run for four more. It has produced “very[...]o

the international market. Interviews with
CEOs and international business managers
were often two ho[...]not just
the money — it’s the whole network, and the
resources that come from that network. In
bus[...]dipity comes
into it. You might bump into someone and
the whole direction changes.”

But successful N[...]distributors, talking to their
customers, eating and drinking with them.
They say you really have to b[...]p relationships, for example,
with subcontractors and suppliers, so that
they have a mutual commitment. A lot of it
is trust and adapting to each others’ needs,
and it often takes a lot of time.”

A vital ability is being able to identify
opportunities — and then take them, even
though that means taking a r[...]at
Uppsala University in Sweden.

Being proactive and willing to travel,
welcoming serendipity, being able to spot an
opportunity and having the guts to change
direction and take a risk — all are evident in
Chetty’s per[...]MSc in Business Studies
at Edinburgh University, and was on her
way to the University of Queensland fo[...]anterbury.

She was offered a job there, took it,
and did her PhD on the international
trade performanc[...]ther countries. She has already looked at
Sweden, and will move on to Finland and
Ireland.

She has also received e-mails from
doctoral students in Belgium, Holland,
Denmark, Portugal and Israel eager to
replicate her work to see if it a[...]day firefighting. Now business people are
coming and getting advice on strategies,
and policy makers are also consulting us.”

What th[...]k, many
firms have gone global very successfully,
and many more will — well armed with the
CAN[...]

The Tomb and its occupant — a soldier
who died in France dur[...]rrior, but the expense
stymied the idea both then and when it was
raised again after World War II,

Els[...]ew Zealand
soldier killed in the First World War, and a
design by Robert Jahnke — now Professor
Jahnk[...]ign was predicated on a redesign of the
forecourt and steps of the War Memorial
proposed by the Ministry for Culture and
Heritage, and when, after public opposition,
the redesign was abandoned, the Ministry
awarded the contract to design and
construct the Tonib to Kingsley Baird.

Baird set[...]specially to honour the sacrifice of
the warrior and those he represents.”

The detail had to be jus[...]unaware of, It was only when the
warrior returned and people visited him
when he was lying in the Legis[...]central
Wellington to the National War Memorial,
and an interment ceremony with full
military honours[...]boration with the Studio of Pacific
Architecture, and the Memorial was
unveiled by Prime Ministers Helen Clark
and John Howard in 2001.

It was while working on the New
Zealand Memorial and simultaneously
completing a master’s installation and video
project addressing the unresolved grief
sur[...]ld make up a name for it,
carve a form in pumice, and surround the
Peso tthe [e\nys ka

A successful me[...]ident
nationalism usually miss the mark; abstract
and understated memorials are more
successful because people can engage with

them and take their own stories from them.

One[...]

“People ate often[...]l.” says
Paul Riley of the Ministry for Culture and
Heritage, who sees people interacting with
the To[...]ccsfe Mace Ne(e cCeM-leennle-la a ULer LE
Bennett and, from the College of Creative Arts,
typography le[...]tte O'Sullivan. Graphics
lecturer Gray Hodgkinson and industrial design
tutor Peter Fraser, also of the[...]clea s=1d

Dee yeas

Baird’s work in the design and crafting
of memorials is counterpointed by his
textual and documentary explorations.
In early 2005 he travel[...]the subject of the historical,
political, social and cultural contexts
surrounding the New Zealand
Memorial and the Tomb of the

Oil calenuimy chsaleye

He then[...]awai’i, Vancouver, Ottawa,
Washington, New York and Boston,
photographing and documenting his
experiences as he went.

Early in[...]nds to visit
memorial sites in the United Kingdom
and Europe.

On his return he intends to write
a pape[...]es in the
relationship between the United
Kingdom and New Zealand in the
period between the interment of
the original unknown warrior in
Westminster in 1920 and his New
Zealand counterpart in 2004.

MASS[...]

of Western England, Morgan too[...]so they can take their
place alongside scientists and people in the
humanities and social sciences and have their
work — their research — seen as just as valid.

“That was my biggest challenge at Bristol
and that’s my biggest challenge here.”

That artw[...]ed in academic
environments in the United Kingdom and
United States, she says.

It’s been five years since Wellington
Polytechnic’s Music and Design schools

became part of Massey Univer:[...]set up coherent collections
of research interests and streamlining
administration so staff have more ti[...]tation as a
practising artist, arts administrator and
prolific writer. She concedes that sometimes
it i[...]ding the College. However,
she continues to write and to create paint-
on-canvas works and experimental sculptural
installations in her shared Lyall Bay studio.
She also remains active in performance
and installation art. (At writing her latest
s[...]

The work explores grief, loss and the
inconsistencies of memory.

The audience sees[...]s the archaeologist, carefully uncovering
objects and handing them to a colleague for
precise catalogui[...]knowledge.

This is possibly her father’s grave and
the objects she is retrieving trigger her
memories of his life and death. Texts that
had been written during the mon[...]s from a box of facts;
a juxtaposition of science and art, objectivity
and subjectivity, creating their own tension.

Sometimes the archaeologist breaks
down as the texts are read and she herself
is measured: her response quantified and
recorded.

The performances change each time.
Mor[...]notably at London’s
ICA, Bristol’s Arnolfini, and the Belluard
Bollwerk International Performance i[...]at
Britain described the work thus: “A rigorous
and dynamic project and one that can
truly represent the best of current[...]explains Morgan, because they were so
physically and emotionally draining.

Since coming to live in Ne[...]noticed: “He is an absolute painter's painter
and I think he would shine anywhere. What
he’s doin[...]ousing a computer that is programming a
distorted and warped belief system”)

The Biennale is at the[...]ains, Work
seen there is supposed to be difficult and
challenging. To gain acceptance there is
to be a sophisticated player in world art
and New Zealanders, she says, should feel
proud — i[...]there’s this notion
that art should be utterly and absolutely
accessible to everyone immediately. I[...]eat about art:
some of it’s straightforward — and some of
it’s complex.

“The beauty of being i[...]u deal with the esoteric end. You can
explore art and push it in a way that you
can’t if you're havin[...]rket,
working at that end that is accessible.”

And as for anyone who asks the
hackneyed question ‘[...]entieth

century job has been to challenge us,
and to push us beyond what we think we
already[...]

Professors Mike Hendy and David Penny did
not always seem destined to be co[...]of the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular
Ecology and Evolution, where, as a writer
and mathematics teacher on the lam, I am
based for a year.

Penny and Hendy are the twin strands
of the Centre’s DNA.[...]nal
lives owes much to the twin pillars of chance
and selection.

Flash back a few decades, way back in[...]chose mathematics.

If it took the stench of fish and formalin
to drive Mike away from biology, it was[...]that drove him back.
Tt was the early seventies, and creatiomist
provocateur Duane T Ghish was touring[...]t not

enough prediction. Only through prediction
and the possibility of refutation can a theory
be pro[...],
the debate caught the imagination of both
Hendy and Penny, a biologist newly arrived
at Massey.

Penny’s path to biology wasn't
straightforward, either. Maths and English
were his strongest suits at school; biolo[...]nking about what is really interesting”.

Penny and Hendy met at Massey at around
the time that sequencing — first of protein
chains and then of DNA — was becoming an
establishe[...]

I got the feeling th[...]an the symbiotic
relationship between speculation and
application.

Hendy explains it this way. It is n[...]o provide students with a
model of the techniques and methodology
of science, and so pass on the baton of
“conjecture and refutation’. Popper has
definitely made his mar[...]es, tsunami, the works — does for the
dinosaurs and leaves the small warm-blooded
mammals to radiate out of their holes and
inherit the earth.

‘The appeal of the story is significant. We
humans like a good tale of catastrophe, and
there is something simple and emotionally
appealing about evolution’ path bei[...]entre
supports the belief that both the mammalian
and bird evolutionary trees had already
branched sign[...]ing the DNA
of Pacific rats, kamara, gourds, taro and other
artifacts, researchers are adding new piece[...]for the
size of Aotearoa’s founding population,
and supports the notion of an organised
migration. An[...]e data fits
a tale of intrepid ocean exploration, and for
reasons a writer can readily appreciate, this[...]in pride in preferring data over drama. I
nodded, and pretended to understand.

To finish, I asked Penny and Hendy where
they expect the most exciting develop[...]for an explanation of
the origin of life itself, and in the spirit of
those who tilt at windmills, may[...]nderstanding of
the relationship between genetics and
development is incomplete. In a nod to the
applie[...]time was up. They went back
to their theorising, and I went back to
telling stories. I get the feeling[...]written

eter re

otal eaa ae eee

several novels and plays for teenagers,
including Malcolm and Juliet, which
received the 2005 NZ Post Yo[...]

‘The quest to understand and combat
osteoporosis is not just professional.
Sta[...]r white men the odds are more than one
in five.)

And Kruger has seen what osteoporosis
does. In field trials she has visited rest homes
and seen women bowed down by multiple
vertebral fract[...]since doing her
PhD (on the effect of fatty acids and
prostaglandins on calcium flux in muscle)
in the early 1980s, and in the study of bone
health since 1991, when she[...]ile there, she helped to
run osteoporosis clinics and undertook two

aE MAACeCEY PECECARCL

To think of bone is usually to think of
something dead, bleached and hollowed:
bone as seen in one of those articulate[...]a composite of small
crystals containing calcium and phosphate
bound to a protein matrix and populated by
st cells: osteoblasts

a communit[...]nstantly removing bone

by dissolving the mineral and breaking down

the protein matrix; and osteocytes, a network
of sensor cells buried in the bone matrix.

Working in tandem the osteoblasts
and the osteoclasts replace — or ‘remodel’

—[...]years, depending on your age, making good
damage and deformities and replacing older
and hence less resilient bone.

‘They also help reg[...]on — including
heartbeat — nerve transmission and to blood
clotting.

‘Lo work properly, the body[...]eded it is withdrawn
from the stores in the bone, and, when
calcium is surplus, bone is where it is
acc[...]. Omega-3 fatty acids are found
in fish, flaxseed and canola oils, and some
nuts.

Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids have

been shown to cut cholesterol, hypertension,
and the risk of heart attack and stroke.
There is also evidence that omega-3 may
p[...]including ADHD, arthritis, depression,
diabetes, and — yes — osteoporosis.

Omega-3 fatty acids, s[...]alcium in the body, deposit
calcium in the bones, and improve bone
strength.’

The omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
can, to a limited degr[...]r, it is easier for the body

to directly get EPA and DHA from fish oils,
bypassing the need to metabol[...]hidonic
acid (one of the omega-6 fats), oestrogen and
parathyroid hormone affect osteoblasts in
culture in different ways, thereby controlling
bone formation and resorption selectively.*

Hematopoietic
Stem C[...]sor

“tt.

FORMATION

remain inside the bone and become osteocytes,
which are connected to each other and to the
surface osteoblasts. The resorption[...]

Tt is with the[...]ines a woman’s
secondary sexual characteristics and her
menstrual cycle, but this is not all it does.

Oestrogen also regulates the osteoclasts and
osteoblasts, inhibiting bone breakdown.

In women[...]aries shut down. This ends the
reproductive years and has repercussions for
bone health.

“Bone is be[...]l the
time,” explains Kruger, “with formation
and resorption going on in cycles. When
a woman reaches menopause and her
oestrogen levels drop, bone turnover is
uncoupled and the process is less well
s after

controlled.[...]rhea — where their oestrogen
production plunges and their periods stop

experience the same phenomeno[...]e, has its
own role in maintaining bone health
—and with testosterone men experience
nothing equivale[...]osteoporosis? The best
strategies are preemptive and defensive. Build
the highest bone mass you can du[...]maintain that bone mass
during your adult years; and, as age begins to
bite, minimise the inevitable l[...]re exercise, which
builds bone as well as muscle, and diet.

In diet, calcium is key; depending on
your age and sex you must exceed a certain
threshold of calciu[...]on
Survey of 1997 found 24 percent of Maori
males and 34 percent of Maori females had
an inadequate intake of calcium, as did 11
percent of European and other males and
22 percent of European and other females
— as measured against our much lo[...]dietary
protein. A proportion of bone is protein, and
some studies have shown that higher protein
intak[...]s a certain ratio you have to maintain
of calcium and protein,” says Kruger, who
has recently authore[...]re dietary salt, saturated fat, carbonated
drinks and a sedentary lifestyle — all of them
bad for bon[...]s one of the
researchers in the THUSA (Transition
and Health during Urbanisation of South
Africans) stu[...]found a negative
correlation between urbanisation and the
bone markers for bone turnover.*’ The

a[...]SEY RESEARCH

that of European womien. At present African
women have a substantially higher bone mass
compared to European women but with
time and urbanisation it may not be the case
in about 20 y[...]mass
urbanisation — Africa, Asia, Latin America
and the Middle East — can expect to see

substantia[...]lcium, phosphorus, magnesium,

potassium, zinc and protein. New Zealand’s
1997 National Nutrition[...]on’s calcium intake
came from milk (37 percent) and cheese (11
percent).

But in many circles milk andand better
coronary health. As a consequence, dairy
p[...]with
unhealthy levels of saturated fat.

But milk and many other dairy products
now come in an array of[...]e intolerance does exis

percent of Flispanics and 15 percent of
people of Northern European descent[...]airy products other than milk arc
low in lactose, and lactose-hydrolysed milk is
arriving on the[...]

a very good source of calcium. Calcium is
essential for building and maintaining bone
and intake should be sufficient to support
bone growth till early adulthood and slow
bone loss which occurs from the age of

40 o[...]oporosis sits somewhere well behind
heart disease and cancer in the public
consciousness of health issu[...]n be the trigger for a dramatic decline in
health and quality of life, osteoporosis is a
disease people[...]ver the age of 65;
around 571.5 per 100,000 women and 318
per 100,000 men.

And while the figures for hip fractures
leading to ho[...]t
conunon forms of osteoporotic fracture
~ spinal and low trauma wrist fractures
among older women that[...]ecades ahead the number of
osteoporotic fractures and the associated
costs will soar. The reasons? Poor diet, lack
of exercise and, most significantly, old age:
osteoporosis is an[...]nt of New Zealand women will suffer
osteoporosis, and around 20 percent of New
Zealand men. Population-[...]body is lost through secretion into
the intestine and part of the calcium
that enters the kidney is lost rather
than recycled. These movements and
others within the body are regulated
by hormones, particularly parathyroid
hormone and calcitriol, the active
form of vitamin D. The con[...]lular fluid is
essential for normal cell function and
for maintaining the correct amount of
calcium ins[...]s’ are now being added
to such foods as yoghurt and calcium-
fortified fruit juices to stimulate bact[...]onent of plant fibre found in
breakfast cereals), and saturated fat.

SOFT TISSUE

GASTRO-
INTESTINAL TRACT

BONE
1kg

KIDNEY

Source: Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General, 20[...]echanisms that control such things
as the genesis and death of osteoclasts and
osteoblasts have come to be understood.

For the[...]oporosis have been.
seen as one of the inevitable and unremarked
accompaniments of old age. Our literature,
fairy stories and myths are stocked with
stooped elderly women: wom[...]at
it is — diagnosable, increasingly treatable, and
largely preventable.

MASSEY RESEARCH | 49

4. M Haag, ON Magad[...]calcium absorption. Prostaglandins,
Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
(2003) 68(6): 423-429

. MC[...]Poulsen (2005) Protein, Fat,
Calcium-Drug Synergy and Osteoporosis. In
Food Drug Synergy and Safety, Ward, W.E.,
Thompson, L.U. (eds) CRC Pres[...]rs for osteoporosis in Black
postmenopausal South African women.
Journal for Endocrinology, metabolism and
diabetes of Southern Africa (2002) 7 (3):
92-99[...]of bone
turnover with urbanisation in Black South
African Women. Journal of Endocrinology ,
Metabolism and Diabetes of Southern Africa
2004 9 (1): 8-14

. R Lentle, MC Kruger. Changes in the
mineralization and biomechanical
properties of tibial metaphyseal bo[...]i

oO

a

~

°0

Teen mcr Ce LATE)

Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of
the Surgeon General. 2004. Department of
Health and Human Services. Available from:
www.surgeongenera[...]does the threshold
lie?

The British, New Zealand and US
recommendations differ substantially. The
high[...]l guidelines.

UME NAPA CL ETT)

Vitamins D and K

Vitamin D is pivotal to the absorption of

cal[...]aland’s year-round
relatively temperate climate and outdoors
lifestyle, vitamin D is not something mo[...]tamin D
deficiency has been reported in Australia
and New Zealand with dark-skinned and
veiled women, and older people living in
institutions, who are iden[...]| MASSEY RESEARCH

Bone: an owners quide to care and maintenance

Approximate calcium per averag[...]h
calcium into their diets.

For women, pregnancy and lactation and
the demands they place on the body’s calcium
st[...]a woman’s calcium
intake is adequate, pregnancy and lactation,
while they will draw on her bone reser[...]t, dairy products,
vitamin-D-fortified margarines and eggs. Since
vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, i[...]levels will be lower in a low-fat diet.

Calcium and vitamin D supplementation
has been shown to reduce fracture risks and
optimise bone density among the elderly.

However[...]al entities called
carboxyl groups to osteocalcin and other
proteins that build and maintain bone.
Phylloquinone, the commonest form of
Vitamin K is found in some oils, especially
soybean oil, and in dark-green vegetables
such as spinach and broccoli.

both light and strong, bones are hollow. The outer
dense shell i[...]letal mass. The
fine network of connecting plates and rods inside the
cortical shell which makes up the[...]ble to asteoporostic fracture: the spine, wrists,
and hips.

Progressive Spinal Deformity in Osteoporos[...]in medications
including steroids (e.g. cortisone and
prednisone) and anticonvulsants

Source: Osteoporosis NZ

Physica[...]high
intensity loading forces, such as gymnastics
and high-intensity resistance training,
increase bone mineral accumulation in
children and adolescents and there is
evidence that this persists into later life.

For children and adolescents the
American College of Sports Medici[...]density. Sports like soccer
that involve running and jumping also find
favour.

For adults, whose aim[...]earing activities such as tennis, stair

climbing and jogging three to five times

a week, and weight training two to three
times a week. Brisk[...]t in exercise.

Thanks to nutritionist Suzi Penny and to exercise
physiologist Jacques Rousseau of the Institute of
Food Nutrition and Human Health.

MASSEY RESEARCH | 51

By Katherine Findlay

Dr[...]’s fascination with the
intertwining of history and religion has its
roots in his own background. The Associate
Professor of History in the School of
Social and Cultural Studies at the Auckland
campus was born and spent his early
years in Karamea on the West Coas[...]describes as “kind
of in between the exclusive and open brands
of Brethren.” In this small South I[...]sily in extremely wide
circles, while maintaining and broadening

his Christian beliefs. He feels it ha[...]Zealand is a culture of
extremes.”

Commenting and writing on those
extremes has seen Lineham increasingly in
demand as a media commentator on religion
and its place in our lives, most recently on
the death of the Pope, the rise of the Destiny
Church and the increasing ‘public relations’
approach to[...]ned the
Lineham library. His office is jam-packed and
his Grey Lynn ‘house of books’ lists a little[...]e reading.
Asa boy | read Enid Blyton, A.A. Milne and
everything in the school library,” he says.

His parents also placed a huge value on
education and in 1965 the family moved to
Christchurch t[...]

his master’s and taking up a prestigious
Commonwealth scholarship[...]fers’ both in

religion (they hated the clergy) and they
didn’t want to be told what to do with the[...]o convert communities.
Ic all suddenly made sense and it is exciting
when you see that social explanati[...]in New Zealand, a history of the Scripture
Union, and a bibliography of the religious
history of New Ze[...]ealand Biography, written book chapters,
articles and reviews for academic, religious
and popular publications and created A
Child’ View of New Zealand History, a[...]ed between the history of sectarian
Protestantism and evangelical movements
in the eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries, and patterns in New Zealand
history including Maori m[...]t groups, Methodism,
patterns of religious change and the impact
of religion in our society.

He chose[...]ing this thesis taught me
the need for compassion and understanding
when you go into somebody else’s[...]s. “I knew.that often wasn’t the case

Social and Cultural Studies

in the Brethren world I had com[...]ework, People often assume that you're
persecuted and frustrated, but often these
sects are very secure and safe places in some
respects. What's interesting[...]recognise the social
factors that influence them and they tend not
to extend the same charity that the[...]ple,
done a lot of study on the Latter Day Saints
and is supervising a Mormon student’ thesis.
She wr[...]whereas I kind of intuit
what their world is like and try to encourage
them,” he says.

This intuition, combined with a robust
sense of humour and seemingly boundless
energy, makes Lineham a popular lecturer,
supervisor and public speaker, as well as a
researcher and writer. Keen to put the ‘story’
into ‘history’ his current teaching includes the
religious and social history of New Zealand
as well as cightcenth and nineteenth century
European and British history. Asked about
the relevance of his[...]'s going on.”

Linecham is an inveterate joiner and is, or
has been, on practically every committee
w[...]me is that the more you're connected
with people and with institutions the more
you understand people and institutions,” he
says. He recalls once doing a[...]scale
as someone with a strong emphasis on people
andand enthusiastic about
everyone and everything,” he adds cheerfully.

In 1989 Lineh[...]rom the University of Otago
to his qualifications and has subsequently
been a voluntary assistant chaplain at both
Manawatu and Paremoremo prisons. He says
the experience has co[...]land Community Church at St

Matthew-in-the-City, and he also attends an
eight o’clock service in ano[...]bring
together the strands of individual studies and
papers he has written over the past few years
and weave them into a book on religion
in public life[...]w Zealand, accept the
notion of a secular society and state,” he says.
“What we don’t realise is[...]ociety, so I’m trying to explore how
that works and how people think about how
it works.”

‘The o[...]extraordinary range of wackiness,” he says.
“And it isn’t just a religious question, except
that[...]w Zealand, with its
highly individualised culture and people not
pressured by an authoritarian state ab[...]— that this is a country
of great individualism and great conformity
at the same time. So ’m[...]

Tt wa[...]eps across the room to sort among
the manuscripts and books piled against the
wall awaiting the arrival[...]acsimile sent to him anonymously in
the 1980s — and Serly’s problems announce
themselves. Pencilled arpeggios spider on
to and off the staves. The viola line leaps
pages with a[...]ped
pages. The orchestration is scanty or absent.
And, perhaps most poignantly, on the
upper margin of[...]ing making
extensive changes to the pitch, timing and
orchestration — and a first performance

of what is now the most-perf[...]r the appeal, he knew he
had found his instrument and his vocation. “I
had only been playing the viol[...]ss player.
‘To be able to play with his brother and
father, Maurice picked up the banjo.

“Tt turne[...]aying helped subsidise Maurice’s
viola tuition, and when at age 19 he headed
to Britain, where he would study for four
years at the Guildhall, banjo carnings and a
stint of truck driving paid his way.

In 1977,[...]es to study with Donald
McInnes in Washington, “and then, in the
second year I was there, | went to Banff in
Canada for a summer school, and Primrose
was the artist in residence”.

The William Primrose: the world’s pre-
eminent violist and the man who had
commissioned the Viola Concerto f[...]im. I was introduced to
him in the first few days and he asked me if I
would come and play for him.

“So I did. I went and played one of the
pieces I had prepared for the sunimer course
and he gave me a lesson about things to do.
I thought[...]d half-a-
dozen works prepared for the six weeks,
and he didn’t want to hear anything twice.
So at th[...]says, the hardest he had
ever worked in his life and the best thing that
had ever happened to him.

“This went on for two or three weeks
and I started to get really exhausted. He was
seeing[...]ello
suites, playing alternative interpretati ons and
asking for his opinions.

“It was very i[...]

Andand Mahler: all left unfinished works
that would be c[...]largely outside
any mainstream musical tradition and he has
had few obvious musical heirs.

‘What is[...]is most abstract phase had been
in the late 1920s and 1930s; now his work
was becoming almost neo-class[...]moving to a new style of writing.”

With Serly and Primrose’s edition of the
Concerto being genera[...]pies appeared, one sent to Brigham
y by Serly’s
and another somehow arriving at the Barték
Archives[...]ch would extend
copyright from 50 to 75 years — and although
the Erdélyi performance fell within the[...]ary would soon subscribe
to the 75-year standard, and any illusions
Erdélyi may have nurtured that Pet[...]conducting. Maurice presented
him with his thesis and Erdélyi
a new revision — even though the worki[...]or America until
December 2024.

But New Zealand and Australia had refused
to extend the period of cop[...]ncerto would
enter the public domain in 1999.

“And then this magical thing happened,”
says Maurice[...]s to the 2001 Viola Congress. So I wrote
to Csaba and said, ‘Here is your chance.

You can perform with the New Zealand
Symphony Orchestra and hopefully you'll get
a recording out of it!”

S[...]ss in Wellington,
New Zealand, Erdélyi performed and
recorded a new edition of the Barték Viola
Conce[...]biking between assignments with
major orchestras) and taught viola at the
universities of Cambridge, Otago and finally
Massey — his interest in Barték and the
Viola Concerto had been a constant. He had
devoted his masterate and later his doctoral
thesis (completed in 1996 at O[...]ty Press’s series of studies in
musical genesis and structure.

In it Maurice explores the tortuous history
of the Concerto and the people who had
a hand in it, strips away the many revisions
to reveal the composer’s intentions, and
suggests how it can be more authentically
reconstructed and interpreted.

His verdict today on the place of the
Concerto within the viola repertoire and as
part of Bartok’s output?

“If we look at v[...]e wrote some true
masterpieces, which are refined and polished

iste

in every way. The Concerto for Orchestra, Mi
ion and Celeste is one of

the greatest works of the t[...]ou hear the
folk element. There’s something raw and
earthy about it.

“But I think he took s[...]

Munford knows what it is to be a
p[...]e in
1979 she ran an IHC residential home for
two-and-a-half years.

From the IHC, Munford travelled to[...]North, where as
Head of Sociology, Social Policy and Social
Work, Munford now teaches community
development and disability studies, supervises
postgraduate students and maintains a heavy
commitment to research.

Profes[...]co-director of a Foundation for
Research Science and Technology funded
project looking at people’s experience as
teenagers and raising teenagers. She also

Social Sciences

wor[...]national
Association for Outcome-based Evaluation
and Research on Family and Children’s
Services, set up by Professor Anthon[...]tralia, Europe, the
United Kingdom, North America and Israel
to share findings. Social conditions in th[...]ut, says
Munford, the basic needs of families — and
the ways of keeping them safe — are similar.
Al[...]of work: we look
at the nature of neighbourhoods and
communities, and what they are doing
to provide really good locali[...].”

The findings have been presented
nationally and internationally.

Munford believes strongly — o[...]ay to
go.“T don’t think we accept difference, and I
don’t think we always do well at supporting
d[...]re are no longer health issues to do with
poverty and poor housing.

“If we can solve major issues in[...]ey need. “Research can tell us who lacks
access and why.”

And while action research is Munford’s
predilection[...]stand why we're living it in
particular ways.

“And that is why I find the social sciences
exc[...]

chees

, casein (curds) — and one

over after cheese making was at best pig
food and at worst a form of effluent.[...]Not any more. Like milk, whey can and
is being broken down into its high-value
constitu[...]xpensive
body-building supplements, sports drinks
and nutrition bars.
my It is also a food technologist[...]bles, whey protein can be whipped
or gelled. Mild and pleasing in flavour, it
lends thickness and smoothness to sauces,
and ‘mouthfeel’, texture and shelf-life to
baked goods.

Whey protein is found[...]ow-fat salad dressings, infant
formulas, yoghurts and dips. Around half of
all supermarket food product[...]ith whey, but with
the effluent from a meatworks, and in a
project that was ultimately unsuccessful.

I[...]ging
complexion of New Zealand’s dairy
industry and the history of New Zealand’s
research and development environment
—an alphabet soup of organisations that
have come and gone.

Ayers holds 12 patents and a number of
awards and medals — the most recent being
the Thomson Meda[...]lion

dollars in royaltics to Massey annually.
And Ayers himself seems at ease with

life. Trim and energised, the now semi-

retired organic chemist is spending a day

a week at Massey; other interests and

working on his son-in-law’s farm consum[...]

But there is a certain wistfulness and
frustration at work in Ayers as well. Much

of wh[...]uld be stock feed. Ayers, newly returned
from two-and-a-half years in the United
States working with cellulose and lignin,
was asked to help out.

“My bosses [Professors Dick Batt and
Geoff Malcolm] said,“We have this group in
Well[...]. Why don’t you come with
us when we next visit and see if you can
help?’” Ayers recalls.

Cellul[...]irst exchangers used cellulose in a
fibrous form, and like paper the exchangers
tended to fall apart when wetted and used
repeatedly. In the laboratory a process
like[...]ough
cnough to stand the physical stres:
stirring and the assault of pH changes and

sof

caustic cleaning agents.

Although effic[...]to do with the exchanger’s limited
surface area and poor porosity.

In the early 1970s Ayers began
ex[...]Most of those
that worked degraded the exchanger and
reduced its useful life, but in 1975 he had
what[...]a collaboration with the Department of
Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR),
which had developed the exchanger, and
with Tasman Vaccine Laboratories (T'VL),
which had the licence to manufacture it.
But the process and the product were
a mismatch from the beginning, s[...]nt where there was no

need for the exchanger — and even if the
exchanger had been a part of the proc[...]had undergone a sequence of commercial
takeovers and ceased manufacture.

Ayers had a breakthrough without
an application and without a source of
funding.

“So there was a p[...]978 when no one was interested,”
says Ayers, “and then I got the DFC [the
Development Finance Corpo[...]Development Authority] behind me.”

What Ayers and the DFC needed was a
protein purification applica[...], which is produced in large

volumes when cheese and casein are
produced, is largely water, with prote[...]apacity
INDION CM, greatly outperformed
CMVistec, and he could see there was room
to do better still.

The ‘CM’ in both ‘CMVistec’ and
‘INDION CM’ stands for carboxymethyl
(cellulo[...]al group that is
used in the exchanger to attract and hold
proteins. These weak-acid properties have
im[...]e shifted from an acid
pH 3.3 to an alkaline pH 9 and back again,
with cach cycle consuming costly quantities
of alkali and acid.

If Ayers could replace the weakly acidic
c[...]rongly acidic
ion-exchange group then less alkali and
acid would be required and the costs of the
process would drop. In the early[...]rotein, consumed
affordable amounts of chemicals, and had
a recycle time far in advance of its rivals.[...]f it was commercially viable.

Around 1979, Ayers and the DFC
approached the New Zealand Dairy
B[...]

They were almost his last hope, he

and he was almost theirs: “If they didn’t get

so[...]build a pilot plant for

producing the exchanger and then to
produce 40 kilograms of the exchanger
its[...]ll protein production plant in
Carmarthan, Wales, and then struck up

the ex

a partnership with Ire[...]ght at the
start of the biotechnology revolution,
and with these developments their share
price increas[...]ally. In 1984 the

new plant was in production and a year
later a similar-sized plant came on line[...]ed WPI

— sold worldwide.)

What of New Zealand and its dairy
industry?

In the mid 1980s — as Ayer[...]ld selectively bind lipoprotein from
blood serum, and in particular separ
high-density lipoprotein [HDL[...]RI) under Dr Geoff Page, who
had come from Massey andand used in Wales, Ireland and

the United States. And it fitted in with

what the dairy industry was al[...]out the clouding that even a
slight amount of fat and unstable protein
would impart. In the late 1990s[...]concept.

“We made some ion exchanger in t
lab and sent it to Hammersmith Hospital in
London, but I[...]it.”

60 MASSEY RESEARCH

which would win Ayers and his colleague
David Elgar, Mark Pritchard from DRI,

the Dairy Board and Kiwi Dairy Co. the
ANZ award in the National Food[...]eam approach to
successfully develop, manufacture and launch
a product in an export market.

Today the ion exchangers are
manufactured by Invitrogen (NZ) Ltd and
sold worldwide. It is for this achievement
that A[...].

A success, then, one that others might look
to andand the caution of
industry.

Whey protein is itself a mix of biologically
interesting and separable proteins and
peptides. More than half of whey protein is a
pro[...]eta-lactaglobulin — a protein
with the whipping and gelling properties
dear to food technologists.

T[...]mponent is a protein
called alpha-lactalbumin, “and that’s of
special interest to baby food[...]

One can only hope[...]rged sites.
The positively charged sites attract

and hold negatively charged ions and
molecules; the negatively charged sites
attract and hold positively charged ions
and molecules.

The most common use of ion
exchangers[...]the sort of water that stops soap from,
lathering and puts a scale on the inside of
your kettle. Hard w[...]high concentrations of dissolved
calcium (Ca’*) and magnesium (Mg’')
ions.

In this instance the io[...]se sodium ions are lost
from the attachment sites and replaced
by calcium and magnesium ions until an
equilibrium is reached. T[...]ution of purified
common salt (NaCl). The calcium and
magnesium ions migrate off the resin,
being repla[...]m
the solution until a new equilibrium is
reached and the resin is ready for reuse.
The process can jus[...]of two ion exchangers, to
remove both negatively and positively
charged ions.
The use of an ion exchan[...]ther take a positive, negative or neutral
charge, and this state can be changed
by altering the pH of t[...]hanger usually means employing
quantities of acid and alkali.

oe

protein

MASSEY RES[...]

James Gardiner meets

bioethicist and animal physiologist
Professor David Mellor

“From that time I wanted to do
s[...]On the farm he learnt to shear sheep,
ride horses and manage animals. Back in
Melbourne he began to thr[...]t to university I used to write
to her every year and tell her that I wouldn't
be here if it wasn’t f[...]ook
it up. Failing that he telephones a colleague
and asks.

It does not appear to have held him back.
His career revolves around vast amounts of
reading and writing and he has produced
more than 350 publications.

Mathematics and sciences at secondary
school (Melbourne’s Carey[...]and at Armidale, northern New South

Bioethics and Animal Physiology

Wales, and the rural science degree his early
farming experi[...]years of that he switched to
the science faculty and physiology.

“T was really glad to be at the university.
I wanted to be there. And I knew that I
had study difficulties and T wasn’t sure
how I would stack up against peop[...]e I would start
studying on the first day of term and I had
a very carefully organised schedule because[...]logy, considered
far-sighted for the early 1960s, and
McClymont was inclined to integrate and
draw things together rather than narrow his
speci[...]style that Mellor felt came
naturally to him then and since.

When he switched to science, the
physiolo[...]he had the option of going back
to rural science and ending up with that
degree as well as a BSc in ph[...]with regular
tutorials at his home every Tuesday and
Thursday evening.

“One of the students would present
something and the rest of the gathering
would tear it to shreds[...]dn’t
like it when I presented one of his papers
and we all tore it to bits, but that’s what
happens[...]r. You have
to accept that others will come along and
maybe find that what you think is not quite
as br[...]uated in 1966 with a BSc with
first-class honours and a university medal.

By then he was at the Moredu[...]e he died 15 months later he
was dating them 1955 and it was as if no
work had been done from the date of his
memo and he was trying to get me to do the
work that he ha[...]niversity heads had been aware of the
predicament and were waiting for him to
approach them.

“But if[...]es of

animal ~ rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep and
goats — and the human female.

“That got me into the link b[...]d in to
the position on a trial basis for a year, and
stayed for 18.

Mellor was primarily a research s[...]vising PhD students a
satisfying part of his work and towards the
end of the 1970s he began looking for a post
where he could both teach and research.

Then came devastation — the death of[...]met as
PhD students in 1967. She was a literature
and philosophy student from India, and was,
he says, hugely influential in helping him
s[...]the way
others perceive life, their expectations and
priorities.

“What | try to do in my teaching a[...]”
In 1984 he began looking for fresh
challenges and three years later he was

MASSEY RESEARCH | 63

appointed professor and head of department
of physiology and anatomy at Massey’s
veterinary facility, a role[...]ember of the Moredun Foundation for
Animal Health and Welfare in the UK for
his work with farm animals[...]coming
to New Zealand. As a veterinary journalist
and teacher she and Mellor have parallel
professional interests, but much more
important, he says, together they have built
and share a happy family life with their son
Phomas,[...]s-old.

Mellor helped to establish the Australian
and New Zealand Council for the Care
of Animals in Research and Teaching, was
a member of the National Animal Ethics
Advisory Conimittee for six years, and has
been chairman of the National Animal
Welfare[...]lso established Massey’s
Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics
Centre, which he directs.

Although he[...]ntroversy,
working at the cutting edge of biology and
its practical application has occasionally put
hi[...]ttee is
unsympathetic to the goals of such groups
and points out that at times there have been
equal me[...]experience with
animals is with their dog or cat and they

apply the sort of standards they would apply

to the dog or cat to sheep and goats and
cattle and pigs and so on, then they can get it
quite seriously wrong[...]at. It is not a
woolly human being. It is a sheep and it has
its own biology and it interacts with the
world in relation to its bi[...]llenging issues for obstetricians,
pacdiatricians and midwives alike.

The evidence shows that fetuses are
unconscious before birth and although
able to react to touch and sound, and to be
affected by them, have no ability to actually
suffer pain until born and breathing.

Based on studies of sheep fetuses, th[...]preferred model
for understanding human pregnancy and
management of human infants,” Mellor says.

‘[...]made
major discoveries in sheep during the 1970s
and ’80s, the principles of which he applied
to humans, with life-changing and life-saving
results.

Liggins’ breakthroughs re[...]ts own birth, not the
mother as had been thought, and how
preparation of the lungs for breathing after[...]ortunate
enough to retain interests in both areas
and I find that really very satisfying and
quite exciting, because it opens up more
opportun[...]in my areas
of physiology, animal welfare science and
bioethics.”

64 | MASSEY RESEARCH

Profes[...]Moredun

Research Institute 1969-1988

Professor and Head of Massey's Department

of Physiology and Anatomy 1988-1997

Distinguished Scientist, Institute of Food,

Nutrition and Human Health 1998-present

Professor of Animal We[...]e 1998-

present

Professor of Applied Physiology and

Bioethics 1998-present

Director, Animal Welfare Science and

Bioethics Centre 1998-present

Principal, one of[...]ife Member, Moredun Foundation

for Animal Health and Welfare 1987

New Zealand Science and Technology Silver

Medal 1999

Elected an[...]

SHORE

What drives her? Is it the desire to make
a difference, to change minds and policy and
improve outcomes? Or is it the research itself,
t[...]with new data to analyse. It’s a fresh
pleasure and the tricky bits are great fun. But [
couldn’t i[...]n life, to contribute to the community.”

SHORE and ‘Te Ropa Whariki maintain a
well trained (and appropriately paid, says Casswell)
field team of[...]laboratory. The system
allows high-quality social and health survey data
to be collected from a range o[...]ation Alcohol Policy Strategy Advisory
Committee, and SHORE researchers have
managed WHO project[...]

Halen Meavekes Bess eas 73 yd W[...]n schools, a
cabaret act with her sister, Angela,
and singing in cafés.

It turned out to be a handy
f[...]es,
who has an English degree, a
diploma in drama and a master’s
in public health from Auckland
Unive[...]n

working with Sally Casswell at the Alcohol

andand Waipareira, who were doing

drink—driving proje[...]Barnes says.

“The person doing the process and impact
evaluation round those projects left about[...]ey asked me to take over.

“I started part time and in three weeks |
was working to three in the morn[...]onference ar ound the
alcohol advertising review, and I was asked to
do a report. I said ‘what does a report look
like?’ and sat up to three in the morning
writing the reports.

“Tt was sink or swim, and I managed not
to sink.”

An earlier artists-in-residence job with

66 | MASSEY RESEARCH

her sister and making videos

for Northland communities

on issues like smoking and
teenage drinking proved valuable
experience.

“[...]project
wasn’t that different. It was
going out and talking to people,
then putting together a report[...].

As other researchers went on
to other projects and careers,
Moewaka Barnes, who has Ngati
Wai, Ngati Hine, Ngati Manu
and Cornish descent, carved out
a niche doing Maori r[...]l came over to
start SHORE, the Centre for
Social and Health Outcomes,
Research and Evaluation, within Massey’s
School of Public Health, Moewaka Barnes
and several colleagues came too to form Te
Rop[...]

Whariki and SHORE’ relationship is
a work in progress and an experiment.

“We say there is a process of p[...]ges some projects, Whariki
manages some projects, and there are
projects we work on together. It comes[...]it certain commitments,
certain responsibilities and people have
expectations of you,” she says.

“We have whakapapa and
whanaungatanga links with people we work
with, people see us as a Maori group, and so
they have expectations of us as well.

“The critical issue is workforce. We
have a group of people and
we are able to create our own.
culture in the way[...]ironment we create.

“There are enough problems
and issues and difficult things
out there in the world to deal
w[...]Barnes says that
means an environment of
laughter and social interaction
and doing things together,
talking to each other in a[...]ironments,
putting in place Treaty-based policies and
practices, people see that as something
Maori whi[...]work.

AAACCEY PECEARCL

“We don’t get a job and hire someone to do
it, we get people and build to their passions.

“None of the research is stuff we sit here
and dream up. It always comes out of a
number of different relationships, different
hui, different discussions, and then gets built
into projects we may or not find[...]of intergenerational experiences of
environments and wellbeing, which came
out of an approach from Nor[...]s, Belinda Borell, Wendy

Henwood, Liliana Clarke and Otto Huisman.

Of particular interest are questio[...]across a range of projects,
including evaluation and methodological
development. It has done significa[...]y with the health sector in
Northland to identify and address barriers
to Maori getting proper and timely
treatment.

SHORE and Whariki researchers have
developed a sophisticate[...]riki is looking for research
that leads to useful and valuable
knowledge.

“Some of the information
W[...]t
be particularly innovative, but
it is important and timely. We
are also interested in looking
at how[...]question
our practice, we need to try new things
and work in new ways. It is important that
we have the opportunities to develop that
knowledge base and a way of working
that works for us. I’m not saying there is
one way. There are diverse ways and so it
is important we do have a lot of space and
innovation,” Moewaka Barnes says.

C7

Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation) to conduct a study of the socio-econo[...]the increased use of amphetamine-type stimulants and in particular methamphetamine. The

team was led by Dr Chris Wilkins.

In the course of the study Dr Wilkins and his team:

* reanalysed the results of the 2001 N[...]drug enforcement officers, drug treatment workers and
regular methamphetanuine users outside of treatme[...]tation, over a period of three wecks interviewing and drug testing 62 arrestees

+ interviewed key informants from drug treatment, drug enforcement and frequent
methamphetamine users

+ drew on the results of an annual alcohol and drug treatment workers’ survey conducted by
the[...]The report was published in September 2004. This and other publications are available for download

fr[...]se

In 2003 the United Nations’ Office on Drugs and Crime estimated the production of ATS (Amphetamin[...]zures of precursors rose by 12 times. The pattern and prevalence of ATS drug
use varies considerably fr[...]had the highest level of ecstasy abuse
worldwide and was second only to Thailand in methamphetamine abuse.

Ranking
(1 = most prevalent drug)

Ecstasy and Amphetamines: Global Survey 2003
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2003)

68 | MASSEY RESEARCH

But methamphetamine use is more
mai[...]the
2001 National Drug Survey by Dr
Chris Wilkins and his team, is that the
users of amphetamine type s[...]drugs that includes
amphetamine, methamphetamine and
MDMA/ecstasy, among others — are more
ordinary[...](including
professionals), earn mid-level incomes and
have high levels of educational achievement.

And the use of ATS drugs is widespread.
The 2001 surv[...]anders aged 13 to 45
years had tried amphetamines and 5 percent
had used amphetamines in the past year.

Drugs like methamphetamine and MDMA/
ecstasy are not new, and neither is their use
as recreational drugs. But i[...]PhD thesis on the
economics of cannabis markets, and 2000,
when he returned to New Zealand after a
sti[...]in to join SHORE’ predecessor
(the then Alcohol and Public Health
Research Unit).

His PhD thesis involved developing a
model of how cannabis markets work and
then validating it using interviews with
cannabis users and dealers. The interviews
were also revealing of ot[...]was around then, he
says, “but it wasn’t big andand much more expensive than in Europe.

But two year[...]to have happened”.

Something had happened — and it was
continuing to happen. In 1996 1.3 kilogram[...]e New Zealand Police
wanted information that they and other
agencies could use in taking an evidence-
b[...]the increased
use of amphetamine-type stimulants, and in
particular, methamphetamine.

Wilkins would le[...]iversity Ethics Committee, which
helped formulate and approve a set of
sensible protocols. “There was a concern
that we might come across psychotic and
violent users and that there would be risk to
interviewers and the public,” says Wilkins.

In Australia the co[...]rs, but there were
also methamphetamine users, “and when you
looked through those studies at the samp[...]participants tended to be
intravenous drug users and to have really
high rates of unemployment — som[...]e arrived at
using a mix of community advertising and
referrals from those interviewed, had a
quite different profile. It included students,
mothers and business people. “We were
interviewing people y[...]e methamphetamine users had sold
methamphetamine, and about one in five
had manufactured methamphetamin[...]me
time.

The correlation between
methamphetamine and crime was given
some credence in Wilkins’s next[...]Over a period
of three weeks in mid-2004 Wilkins and a
team of interviewers were based in the cell
blo[...]interviewed away from the presence of
the police and were asked to supply a urine
sample for drug testing. Forty-one percent
had used amphetamines and a quarter of
those who had recently used amphetam[...]stance abuse problem.

Why these particular drugs and why now?
Wilkins can provide some explanation.
Am[...]al norms which place a high value
on productivity and achievement — both at
work and socially.

“I think one of the really dangerous
things about methamphetamine and the
amphetamines in general is that they are very[...]heroin you sit there in a semi-conscious
stupor, and likewise cannabis impairs work
effectiveness and social attentiveness. But
amphetamine is a type o[...]ncer — you can do lots of productive
things — and it’s a social drug, you become
very talkative and very confident and this is
part of amphetamine’s allure.”[...]

damaged and their desire to seek out others’
company curtailed.”

Society’s views on taking drugs — legal
and illegal — have changed too. This is an
age when[...]the way up to 35 or so. People are
marrying later and having children later.”

Australia and New Zealand — two countries
closely linked geographically and culturally

make an interesting contrast. New Zealand
has a lower use of heroin and cocaine than
Australia, but a higher use of LSD.[...]ich drugs are intercepted coming
into New Zealand and the effectiveness of
internal drug enforcement. Being a small
and remote nation with no land borders
has some advan[...]ecause it is a
comparatively easy drug to conceal and
smuggle.

Those advantages remain. In 2003,

a record 266,000 MDMA tablets and
830,000 capsules of ephedrine and
pseudoephedrine — the precursor drugs used
in t[...]rate for amphetamine in 2001 to be 2 to
7 percent and the rate for MDMA/ecstasy
to be 5 to 17 percent — these successes
and,the associated prosecutions are still a

signific[...].

As a further discouragement, in 2004
ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were
elevated to the status of Class C controlled
drugs to provide the Police and Customs
Service with more powers to respond.
Peop[...]tions containing
pseudoephedrine (a decongestant) and
restrict the number of the tablets they
will sell[...]ne sellers contacted their buyers
by mobile phone and texting, and all of the
amphetamine sellers reported selling only to
close friends and family members.

New Zealand motorcycle gangs wit[...]ic manufacture
of methamphetamine in New Zealand,
and although they may no longer hold a
monopoly, they[...]civil forfeiture’ regime.

Wilkins believes — and the evidence
would seem to support him — that l[...]ng better at stopping
methamphetamine manufacture and
MDMA/ecstasy smuggling. “Agencies
have gone through a learning curve
identifying methamphetamine labs and
precursor sources, and they now have
teams dedicated to that task. My fe[...]s a tribute to the efforts of
individual officers andand other

measures may only do so much, says Wilkins[...]o be powered by the
macro forces of youth culture and they are
difficult things to impact.

“A lot of[...]to stop a drug
trend using enforcement, education and
supply-side or demand-side policies is more
limited than some people may suppose.
But good policy and timely response can
significantly limit the damage and the
duration of the trend.”

Eruptions of drug[...]hic try it,
enjoy it, they tell all their friends and they
tell theirs. Then some of the originators
become heavy users and experience ill
effects — like psychosis, mental breakdowns,
violence and addiction — the bad things
about the drug become more widely
known, and eventually use falls away as new
recruits decline[...]ited
States, says Wilkins. “But in the late 90s
and into this century use has greatly
declined . It i[...]rack. Young
people have seen their older brothers and
sisters waste their lives on the drug. A social
c[...]erged that crack is a
bad drug to get involved in and not a cool
thing.”

So sooner or later the methamphetamine
epidemic, like epidemics before it, will
peak and begin to decline. In this sense the
stories like that of Steve Williams and Coral
Burrows, deeply appalling though the[...]

Age

30-34
ATS use by age and sex

Disproportionately more AT'S users lived in urban settings, in the upper
half of the North Island and in Auckland.

Northern Region
Proportion of al[...]nterviewed reported selling only to
close friends and family members. About half of amphetamine buyers[...]ormants, 60 percent of enforcement
key informants and 33 percent of treatment key informants had notice[...]ree key
informant groups were ‘teenage users’ and “business people’. User key
informants also noted more ‘young women’, lower socio-economic”
and ‘Maori/Polynesian’ users. Treatment key infor[...]young women’. 47 percent of user key informants and 24
percent of drug enforcement key informants rep[...]packaging of
methamphetamine into smaller weights and lower prices.

Crime and social harm

There are a number of ways in which methamphetamine use is
associated with serious and particularly violent offending. The first[...]

Among key informants:

About one third of user and treatment key informants indictated that there
ha[...]st likely to report
increased ‘violent crime’ and increased ‘property crime’.

Law enforcement[...]the role
institutions play in economic behaviour and performance.

“NIE looks at the institutional c[...]“It looks beyond the workings
of demand, supply and pricing to examine how institutions,
property rights, social convention and transaction and
information costs affect the decision-making of economic actors
and the performance of economic systems.”

New Inst[...]no state
to enforce contracts or property rights, and this includes illicit
drug markets.

In his PhD t[...]by generally reliable transacting
between buyers and sellers. The reason, says Wilkins, lies in the
search and information costs associated with these exchanges[...]drug market it can be quite difficult
for buyers and sellers to find one another. It takes some effort[...]his means that in cannabis markets both the buyer and
the seller make a significant time investment in the exchange
relationship, and that constrains cheating to some extent. Ifa
cann[...]eats a customer, then that customer won't
return, and that’s potentially a big loss.”

In a recent paper, Wilkins and Professor Sally Casswell explore
the role gangs p[...]cultivation — cannabis is
too easy to cultivate and rival cannabis cultivators and cannabis
crops too hard to deter and detect — though Wilkins is quick
to say this do[...]l
equipment or large amounts of start-up capital; and visible
targets for violence aimed at discouragin[...]use of
methamphetamine may be to extend the power and influence
of New Zealand’s gangs, in much the s[...]s. A report by
the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime has noted a shift
away from “a loose netw[...]towards larger organisations able to produce more and better
drugs at lower costs. The larger groups are more flexible, and are
able to identify and exploit any lucrative business opportunity,
as we[...]st each
other to more efficiently produce, market and distribute their
products”.

Wilkins is[...]

Could do better. Jane Tolerton writes. this back[...]y of Texas. Then
he switched to cognitive science and did a

PhD in experimental psychology, special[...]rsity of
Western Australia, in a joint psychology
and education project on the connection
between metalinguistic abilities and learning
to read and write.

“Metalinguistic skills, it turns out, a[...]as a professor in the education faculty in
1988, and is now distinguished professor
of educational psy[...]ren acquire
literacy skills, why some don’t — and what
can be done about it. It is one of the goals[...]ught that children who
have problems with reading and writing have
problems with visual discrimination.[...]stic
abilities.”

One important question Tunmer and
his colleagues have done a lot of work on[...]

“So the Ministry of Educ[...]cher might say ‘read to the end of the
sentence and put in a word that makes sense’
or ‘look at t[...]n the word itself even
if it is an irregular word
andand Jane — the
American equivalents of Janet and John.
alled the

‘whole word’ method, a precu[...].”

Then the family moved to Cheyenne,
Wyoming, and Bill was confronted by a
different form of reading tuition in the
person of the “very strict and traditional”
Mrs Anderson, who taught by the ph[...]one of those children who confront

difficulties and are put off reading.

The Massey research has had[...]t there should
be an equal emphasis on text-level and
word-level cues. Our position is that word
level[...]en they

put children in a rich print environment
andand expecting them to swim
— learn by doing. They need more explicit
instruction. And without it they may fall
further behind and not catch up without
intervention.
“Tt’s like[...]there should be an equal emphasis on text-
level and word-level cues. Our position is that word level[...]d
children according to the strategies they
used, and found that the children who said
they used word-l[...]wn that New Zealand ranks fairly well in
reading, and our average is at an acceptable
level. But we have a large gap between
the good readers and the poor ones. Some
children do really well, others do really
badly. This is regarded by researchers andand poor get poorer) because it
benefits those childr[...]es before starting
school. They get further ahead and the least
prepared fall further behind. “There[...]om
day one, recognising differing levels of skill
and taking them into consideration. You
need a resear[...]ow practitioners assess children’s
skill levels and then recommended strategies
for dealing with diff[...]ork, with colleagues
James Chapman, Keith Greaney and Jane
Prochnow, who are all involved in the new
ma[...]from
experiencing literacy learning difficulties
and helping children with persistent
difficulties.

“A highly recommended read for decision

makers, researchers and policy analysts.”
The final paragraph in the pr[...]ri Endurance

in my view captures the heart, soul and

essence of Professor Durie’s work. In great

h[...]ce, I had in mind our mokopuna, our
grandchildren and our belief that they should
be able to grow up as Maori, as healthy New
Zealanders, and as global citizens.” What
could be more importa[...]tells us eloquently of the

endurance, resilience andand the State’, reflects how
Maori have held steadf[...]rinciple that demands recognition of indigeneity, and
therefore challenges those who champion equality[...]to the political commentary on equality, sameness and indigeneity and to measure the words

against other promises made[...]r highlights the strength, persistence, tolerance and courage of Maori throughout the

centuries. Durie[...]right to be recognised as

the indigenous people and for sel{determination. The chapter weaves us thro[...]provides commentary on significant social policy and key strategies that led Maori to be

where we are[...]es of state intervention, devolution, integration and deregulation

take us through the rapids of time.[...]with

others rather than about control or power, and that determining a future for our mokopuna

— w[...]ontracts has not recognised this unique attribute and the performance indicators
have failed to reflect[...]ns for an integrated
approach to social, cultural and economic development. Durie has provided an excep[...]ect on the impact of some of the past strategies

and learn from the positive and unintended consequences of public policy. Contract specialists,

organisation approval standards and relationship managers would benefit from taking s[...]tor were humble in their deliberations with Maori and understood that our

world is not more right than[...]s, service

delivery organisations, policy makers and analysts. September 17, 2005 will have determined[...]s an MBA, a postgraduate diploma in public policy and social work and is currently

studying towards a master’s in so[...]Chinese Prison Camp through
Contemporary Fiction and Reportage
by Professor Philip Williams and Professor
Yenna Wu, University of California Pres[...]ments, to
illuminate life inside the prison camps
and provide a new perspective on human
rights in Chin[...]illiams is head of the School of
Language Studies and a Professor of Chinese
Literature. His four previ[...]xiang (1993).

Yenna Wu is a Professor of Chinese
and Director of Asian languages andand died, adapted or failed to adapt,
what they have eaten and how —as in
the Soviet Gulag, food has been used[...]filthy they are, how bad
their medical treatment, and how some
prisoners exploit and persecute others,
are all well shown here.[...]

Learner’

Globalization and Culture at Work:
Exploring Their Combined Glocali[...]Li of the School of Language
Studies has updated and extended his first
dictionary, the Beginner's Chi[...]— like teen mothers — are
often an implicitly and unfairly maligned
group in our society,” says S[...]y being ‘written off”
— both for the father and the family unit as
a whole.

“However, obstacle[...]lusion of the father in the lives of the
children and partner.”

In Globalization and Culture at Work: Exploring
Their Combined Glocali[...]k
at how globalisation affects us locally in work
and business.

There are, says Dr Carr, two schools o[...]nsplant a working model from one place
to another and it will still work — or that ‘one

This version is a specific dictionary for
elementary and intermediate learners
of Chinese. It covers the 4[...]ding all 3,000-plus items prescribed
for levels A and B of the internationally
recognised standard test[...]out. this?”
two or more syllables to aid memory and
understanding of meaning, as well as to
reinforce[...]ividual characters.
Many entries contain cultural and usage

notes giving essential information on FI E[...]ational

cultural context, pronunciation, grammar
and usage to help the student use the
words in a correct and idiomatic fashion. experience. The young men aspired to create
a better life for the child they fathered and
wanted to overcome the obstacles created
by their[...]socio-
economic backgrounds, limited educations

and social prejudice.

+
+
+
+
4
+
+
4
+
+
a7[...]

‘Leach[...]han 20 staff from across the College
of Education and was edited by Paul
Adams and Cushla Scrivens from the
Department of Social and Policy Studies in
Education, and Kathleen Vossler from the
Department of Learning and Teaching.

Research in Mathematics Education in
A[...]Associate Professor Glenda Anthony
with Bob Perry and Carmel Diezmann.

Mathematics Education within th[...]ics Education.

Cybercells — Learning in Actual and Virtual
Groups, co-authored by Dr David Stewart
and Professor Ken Stevens, examines how
teachers and principals can use ICT to
enhance learning in sch[...]n as the way
relationships between people, things and
places are constituted around the sale,
purchase and use of goods and services.
“Consumption,” says Dr Mansvelt, a
senior lecturer in the School of People,
Environment and Planning, “is fundamental
to how geographies are made and
experienced in contemporary socicty.”

social p[...]s aimed at second-year social psychology
students and provides a bridge between
traditional social psychology and newer
critical approaches to the discipline.

Soc[...]ird edition,
provides a context for understanding and
assessing the changing nature of social
policy, and the direction of future policy
development. Autho[...]Cheyne in the School of Sociology, Social
Policy and Social Work and Associate
Professors Mike O’Brien and Michael
Belgrave in the School of Social and
Cultural Studies, examine and critique
the social policy framework of the past[...]ing political intcrest in sustainable
development and the emphasis on

‘managing for outcomes’.
Soc[...]s

Contributing editors Professors Kerry Howe
and Noel Watts, with Emeritus Professors
Glynnis Cropp and John Dunmore.

Pacific Journeys: Essays in Honour[...]$39.95, ISBN 0864735073

Distinguished historians and academics have
contributed essays to a book in ho[...]tus Professor Glynnis Cropp, Professor
Kerry Howe and Associate Professor Noel
Watts. The fourth is Rog[...]ERAEARESREERRERRREARRAEAREEREREA EERE ERR RR RRR

and Dreams.

SARA AEAEHAAEA ARERR RE REEREBEARRERERE[...]. Edited
by Dr Mary Nash, Professor Robyn
Munford and Kieran O’Donoghue
from the School of Sociology, Social
Policy and Social Work, the book covers
four key theoretical[...]ommunity
development, strengths-based approaches,
and attachment theories. Individual chapters
include questions for reflections, references
and a guide for further reading.

Farm Management in[...]ten by Nicola Shadbolt, a
senior lecturer in farm and agribusiness
management in the Institute of Food,
Nutrition and Human Health, and Dr
Sandra Martin from Lincoln University,
focuses[...]rm management
in New Zealand through case studies and
scenario-based approaches. The authors
consider general management principles
and practices and how they apply to the
business of farming.

af

Associate Professor Mike McM[...]enzyme’ activity is controlled by the addition and
removal of phosphate groups. The postdoctoral fel[...]conclusive evidence of this method of regulation and
investigate the physiological factors that influe[...]control mechanism in
this group of plant enzymes and will influence both fundamental
questions and biotechnological applications,” he says.

Natur[...]ompounds for treating infectious diseases, cancer and a range of

other human disorders. A team led by[...]has
been investigating the chemical, biochemical, and genetic basis for
the diversity of structures see[...]n. This new project

~ will investigate the genes and enzymes that modify this core skeleton
- to creat[...]nce of
families to the social identity, wellbeing and independence of ageing

» people. It will include an analysis of current literature and popular

media representations of older people and their families, as well as
data from interviews w[...]ave the robot learn variations in food properties and adapt
» its chewing behaviours accordingly.’ The project brings together
- biorobotics, food sciences and biomedical engineering. It is likely

to have app[...]ence, to analytically characterise
food dynamics, and, in dentistry, to quantitatively assess masticato[...]» leading researcher in the field of spintronics and with the help of

a postdoctoral researcher he wi[...]y between the magnetic moment of

charge carriers and clectric transport through small circuits,” he[...]esearch, is studying asthma causation, mechanisms and prevention.
Several studies have shown that envir[...]od is associated with a reduced risk of allergies and
asthma. The underlying immunological mechanisms a[...]otoxin mediated up-regulation

of T-helper 1 cell and a down-regulation of TH2 immunity. Dr
Douwes is c[...]ctive
effects of bacterial endotoxin on allergies and asthma. The Centre
for Public Health Research has established a laboratory and
purchased equipment. lhis award will support a te[...]t emerging new hypotheses
regarding the causation and mechanisms of asthma. He will +
investigate in two populations (800 infants and 120 adults) the
effect of endotoxin exposure on allergy and asthma with a specific

78 | MASSEY RESEARCH[...]r

Biosciences is studying the molecular genetics and biochemistry

_ of malignant hyperthermia in New[...]ral anaesthe:

hyperthermia is a life-threatening and acute pharmacogenetic
Tt affects

* one in 50,[...]establish primary
muscle cell lines from affected and unaffected individuals, and to
develop and implement calcium release assays. The award will[...]h the development of tissue culture conditions

~ and assay systems. The new techniques and assay systems will provide
" new projects for graduate students and new directions for research
» into malign[...]

to Antarctica through exploration, adventure, and science. These
photographs of ‘real’ and imagined landscape images are the

reference for[...]rctic Peninsula.

The Fellowship will fund a book and exhibition. Themes to be
explored include a study[...]ventions of depiction of the
Antarctic landscape; and an investigation of the idea that the tourist
exp[...]aims to unsettle the visual narratives of heroism and
adventure that are played out in a ‘picturesque[...]ssor Michael Roche, School of People, Environment and
Planning, receives a Research Fellowship for his[...]nagement; the growth of the frozen meat industry; and the

early use of chemical sprays in horticulture[...]fter

WWI.This will re-examine contrasting social and economic notions

~ of what constituted success and failure. The soldier settlement scheme
» was, in[...]led
~ unsustainable in today’s social, economic and environmental terms. The

fellowship will also fu[...]~ on environmental transformation, sustainability and conservation. It

will aim to enrich New Zealande[...]of environments in the making of their

» places and pasts.

Massey University Research Fellowships pr[...]hool to free hin or her from some
normal teaching and administrative duties so that a current research[...]is a lecturer in the School of Language Studies

and is the principal researcher carrying out an investigation of the
collocations and phrases of words that commonly occur within
acade[...]de available to English teaching staff, students,
and materials developers, as well as other researcher[...]e a book on her research
findings for researchers and teachers. She is joined in this project by
two researchers from Georgia State University and the international
collaboration will draw a wider[...]ments achieving justice? The Ngai
Tahu settlement and the return of pounamu (greenstone) was
conferred in May 2002 and is now a project which involves the
preparation o[...]or expertise in the field
of historical injustice and indigenous rights to natural resources.
Dr Gibbs is a lecturer in the School of People, Environment and
Planning. She has also worked professionally in both New Zealand
and Australia as a solicitor, resource management lawyer, policy
analyst and consultant in commercial legal practice, for a non-profit
organisation, and an iwi authority,

Maddie Leach is a lecturer in the School of Fine Arts and her
work My Blue Peninsula is the third in a seri[...]or exhibition in the context of public galleries

and museums in New Zealand. In My Blue Peninsula, Ms[...]icits debate around the nexus of contemporary art and its
audience; productive relationships between art and design cultures;
the institution of the museum and its role in our ‘leisure industry’.
The proje[...]seum of New Zealand for exhibition in early 2007,
and consists of a fully functional 4.9m plywood-const[...]the production of work suitable for publication,
and to seed future requests for research funding. Sin[...]team working at the interface between chemistry and biology to

investigate enzyme-catalysed reaction[...]member of the Centre
~ for Molecular Biodiscovery and hopes to pinpoint the details of the

~ mechanisms that govern control of enzyme activity, and will facilitate

~ design of inhibitors for type[...]r Suzanne Phibbs is a lecturer in Health Sciences and with
~ Associate Professor Cheryl Benn is current[...]ed excessive breast milk supply research
project, and is to write up the results of this research for p[...]ology provides an original contribution
to theory and research in the area of gender, identity and embodiment
and has been well received by external examiners. She[...]earch discussion days for postgraduate master’s and research

~ students in the Department of Health[...]ree is a senior lecturer in the School of Social

and Cultural studies and intends to embark on new tesearch in

~ Malta among people who identify as ‘neo-Pagan’, and constitute one

component of a global new religio[...]s research on the Pagan
community in New Zealand, and she has published a book Embracing
the Witch and the Goddess: Feminist Ritual Makers in New Zealan[...]Award awarded by the Folklore Society of London,
and she organised the recent visit of feminist theolo[...]Zealand — which included two research symposia and a series
of public lectures. Dr Rountree was a guest editor for Women’s Studies

» Journal, and was Chair of the Qualifications Review Panel for Nursing

and Midwifery courses.

The University Women’s Awar[...]esearchers to take time
Srom heavy administrative and teaching workloads to either write up research
results for publication, or to collect and analyse further data.

MASSEY RESEARCH | 79

* responsible for the development and maintenance of song dialects in a
» species that[...]PhD student in the School of People, Environment
and Planning, will conduct a comparative study of non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) and grassroots development initiatives among
the urban poor in Kolkata (India) and Lae (Papua New Guinea). Under
the supervision of Dr Sita Venkateswar, Ms Gibson will analyse the
origins and impacts of the NGOs and initiatives aimed at alleviating
poverty and improving women’s wellbeing in the urban slums[...]se of it — some groups of women in both Kolkata
and Lac have found the hope and determination to organise various
individual and community development initiatives, enabling them[...]e led to the empowerment of some of these people, and verify
the short and long term consequences of these development initiatives
on the women involved, their families and the larger communities in
which they live.

Micha[...]Natural
Resources, will study the vocal behaviour and breeding biology of

the grey warbler (Gerygone igata) and the shining cuckoo (Chrysococcyx:
lucidus) under[...]essor Dianne Brunton.
The warbler is a widespread and abundant native species passerine,

yet there has[...]ects of native passerines (such as the
saddleback and bellbird) have done so on species that are geogra[...]nga a
Mahaki). Ms Yates is a registered architect and lectures in interior
design at the Wellington cam[...]“The Award has helped me develop
architectural and interior design that engages with Maori spatial
p[...]e exploration of contemporary architectural work

and traditional Maori landscaping,” says Ms Yates. “The research
contributes to expand the knowledge of and sensitivity to traditional
and contemporary Maori spatial practices within the u[...]rts, Ross Hemera says Ms Yates’s work is unique and important to
the development of Maori design “b[...]ng on a range of
projects including swimming pool and Icisure complexes, restaurants
and bars, apartments, house alterations, homes, luxury housing
complexes, furniture and set designs for Taki Rua Theatre.She has

a Bachelor of Architecture, a Bachelor of Building Science and a
Bachelor of Arts.

80 | MASSEY RESEARCH

study brood parasitism between the warbler and the shining cuckoo.
Brood parasitism has received[...]t of Information
Systems, will examine the design and restructuring of Extendable
Mark-up Language (XML[...]change of data on the
web between many data users and data providers and users of the
standards are free to extend or rest[...]when applied to performing typical
design tasks, and identify ways that enable collaboration during sc[...]search work exploring the role of Te Aute College and its
contribution to Maori development. “The res[...]er understanding of the nature of'le Aute
College and for all our communities of interest in contributi[...]Mr Graham is a

~ former Te Aute College student and has ancestral links to the Hawkes

Bay. The appro[...]nga indicates notions of kinship, whanaungatanga

and whakapapa. Mr Graham has a Bachelor of Arts and a Masters

in Education. He presented a pa[...]

Born and educated in
Britain, he served with the
British Army in the Middle
East and East Africa from 1944
to 1948. To his delight thi[...]ell as an analytical
chemist in the zinc-smelting
and printing industries was
followed by study for a P[...]Louis Ahrens, working on
ion-exchange separations
and emission spectrographic
analysis. This work formed the
foundation for his later teaching
and research. In 1960 he took
a lectureship in chemis[...]ch for a further nine
years as Professor Emeritus andand applied his knowledge
to practical problems
inclu[...]environmental
pollution, the study of
meteorites, and the uptake of
trace elements by plants and
animals. An article on metal
accumulation in shel[...]became a Current
Contents “Citation Classic”,
and his 1972 book Geobotany
and Biogeochemistry in Mineral
Exploration, updated i[...]thods of Prospecting

for Minerals, was literally and

figuratively groundbreaking
work. Visits to Dun Mountain
in New Zealand, to Western
Australia and New Caledonia,
stimulated research into
serpentine floras that tolerate
and accumulate certain

metals; these plants grow on[...]contain
high concentrations of nickel,
magnesium and chromium.
Analysing and identifying these
metal accumulating plants is
he[...]ig or
drill. Professor Brooks’s book
Serpentine and its Vegetation

Exemplars

(1987) and his edited Plants that
Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals
(1998) are standard works in the
field, and he and his colleagues
at Massey were responsible for
est[...]tion problems caused
by industries such as mining
and smelting. In an application
known as “green rem[...]ooks, testify to Professor
Brooks's productivity, and his
fluency in several languages
enabled him to m[...]e of
scientists, collating, reading,
interpreting and summarising
the literature. His international
con[...]n 1977, a personal Chair
in Geochemistry in 1987, and
a Fellowship of the Royal
Society of New Z[...]

University of B[...]excellent
institutions like Texas A&M University, and ahead of
good universities like the University of Birmingham
and the University of Southern California. So
what do[...]ean? Quite a lot. The survey
is global, thorough, and reflects the three most

Snr}

important aspects of a university — strength in
teaching, research and international reputation
— or, to sum up, excel[...]s
always been driven by the spirit of exploration and
discovery. We continually grow our investment
in research and research-training to attract the
curious, talente[...]Zealand's competitiveness. As a forward-
thinking and ambitious university, we're pleased
when s[...]

MD